Unfortunately, this is one of the problems of Mauchly's test when dealing with small sample sizes, which was mentioned earlier. If your data does not violate the assumption of sphericity, you do not need to modify your degrees of freedom. [If you are using SPSS, your results will be ...
SPSS calls themEstimated Marginal Means(EMMeans) and SAS calls themLeast Squares Means(LSMeans), but they’re the same thing. They’re not the same straight means that you get from Descriptives. They’re the mean of Y for each group at one specified value of a covariate—exactly what you ...
analysts always compare their OR results to one when interpreting the results. As the OR moves away from one in either direction, the association between the condition and outcome becomes stronger.
Significantly, though, this is not a one-way process; a semiotic approach could benefit traditional ethology when answering Niko Tinbergen’s ‘four questions’ (Bateson & Laland, 2013) which address mechanism, ontogeny, causation, and survival value when studying animal behaviour, because these phe...