aThree-dimensional illustration of average building height in each grid cell of a considered cluster.bGross building volume in the cluster together with cluster edge and surrounding boundary.cSimulated temperature field at night (02:00 local time). The UHI intensity is defined as ΔT = 〈TC...
The strength of a material is determined by its composition, structure, and the way it responds to external forces, such as tension, compression, and shear. 14 How is strength defined? Strength is defined as the capacity to withstand stress, pressure, or force without yielding, breaking, or ...
The fraction of water vapour in the free atmosphere (FFA) is defined as the percentage of WVFA relative to the PWV, i.e., FFA = WVFA/PWV * 100. The negative FFA can occur at the low percentiles of PWV because saturated mixing ratio was used in estimating WVABL. Therefore,...
The relative harmonic intensity Hr, obtained from a stable portion of the sustained vowel/a/, is defined as the intensity of the second and higher harmonics expressed as a percentage of the total voice intensity. Ninety-five percent of the normal voices examined have Hr larger than the ...
it is necessary to calibrate the camera. For this, the 3D coordinates of several points are needed, which can be identified in the video. In this example, the corners of the windows were used. A water depth of 10cm was estimated, and the average surface velocity was computed as 4m/s ...
Land use intensity, defined as the principal component of census variables that relate to agricultural inputs and outputs (e.g. chemical inputs, fertilizer inputs and manure outputs), is highest in the periphery of the great plains region of central Canada but is also very high in southern ...
Speed endurance training is defined as interval training of an intensity close to or above that eliciting maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and is divided into two subcategories: speed endurance maintenance (SEM) and speed endurance production (SEP) training15,18,19,20. SEP training is used to im...
In Europe, High Nature Value (HNV) farmland is defined as low-intensity farmland supporting or associated with a high rate of biodiversity, in terms of species richness or habitat diversity and therefore plays a crucial role in the maintenance of European biodiversity. However, no large-scale ...
The nighttime light intensity in concentric rings is defined as the ratio of total digital number values of nighttime light to the area of a concentric ring. The nighttime light intensity is standardized, that is, linearly scaled to [0, 1]. The normalization formula of nighttime light data is...
The angle between the projection of the long axis of the liquid crystal molecule on the xy plane and the x-axis is defined as the azimuth angle θ, and can be controlled by photoalignment to realize different PB phases. Linearly polarized (LP) light passing through the liquid crystal unit ...