Input,Interaction,andOutputinSLA BeginningwithBehaviourism TheBehaviouristframeworkholdsthatimitation(andreinforcement)oflanguageinputistheprimarymechanisminlanguageacquisition.Withoutinput,learningcannotoccur Doessimplybeingexposedtolanguagegivetheopportunityforimitationandlearning?Laterresearch,inspiredbytheMOSs,shiftedfocusto...
Others hold that language production is a skill which must be developed separate from comprehension (DeKeyser, 1997) and that output can actually directly contribute to the grammar learning process (Swain, 1985; 1995). These opposing views have resulted in several studies contrasting the effects of...
duction. In other words, learners notice the difference between their output and native output, and then try to reassess or restruc⁃ ture the utterance. 3 A Case study of My Teaching Class According to the research mentioned above, we may aware that the process of input, interaction, and...
. It argues that modifications to discourse structure, such as modified input and negotiated interaction, contribute to comprehensible input, thereby facilitating acquisition. The chapter contrasts Long's theory with Krashen's and highlights the importance of negotiation for meaning in the SLA process....
The situation is different for research in speech production. The input (the conceptual structure to be expressed), is not directly observable and not readily accessible for experimental manipulation. By contrast, the output (i.e., the spoken utterance), is directly observable. Given this situation...
This learning process is repeated until the output error value, for all patterns in the training set, is below a specified value or the total number of cycles specified is reached. It has been demonstrated that the BP algorithm is a universal approximation method [147], being able to learn ...
We report on a study of first-exposure learners with different first languages (L1s: English, Japanese) to examine their ability to process input for form and meaning. We used a rich set of tasks to tap respectively into processing, comprehension, imitation, and working memory. We show that ...
of product outputs. The OECD input-output database is presented on the former basis, reflecting in part the collection mechanisms for many other data sources such as research and development data, employment statistics, pollution data, energy consumption, which are in the main collected by establish...
producing the target language may be the trigger that forces the learner to pay attention to the means of expression needed in order to successfully convey his or her own intended meaning. (Swain 1985: 249) In Swain’s view‚ learners need not only input‚ but output: they need to use...
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