innate immunitymolecular targetsviral infectionsThis chapter reviews the current understanding of the induction and function of innate immune responses to viral infections. The focus is on the characteristics unique to or best characterized in the context of viral rather than nonviral infections. This ...
Innate immunityis inherent and is characterized by its rapid action but low specificity. Its response is not influenced by prior contact with the infectious agent. Non-specific immune mechanisms serve as first defense line against many microorganisms and retard the establishment of overt infection[7,...
Lymphocytes, such as NK cells, are characterized by their large nuclei that actively absorb Wright stain and therefore appear dark colored under a microscope. (credit: scale-bar data from Matt Russell) After the NK cell detects an infected or tumor cell, it induces programmed cell death, or ...
2.4.3 Gills in Innate Immunity Gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT) has been characterized in Atlantic salmon and different fish species (Resseguier et al. 2020; Haugarvoll et al. 2008). This tissue was, in Atlantic salmon, identified to express upregulated genes such as complement ...
we could develop pharmacological approaches to exploit or harness our knowledge regarding innate immunity and viral evasion. For example, when a virus encodes a protein such as ORF8 that mimics a human protein, we could develop a specific antagonist of the viral protein. Similarly, pharmacological ...
1 The innate immune response in skin as the first line of defense against pathogen attacks consists of three major sets of elements: the physical/anatomical barriers, the cellular components, and the chem- ical/secretory molecules. In response to a pathogen, innate immunity (1) releases ...
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), which are characterized by genetic and metabolic lysosomal dysfunctions, constitute over 60 degenerative diseases with considerable health and economic burdens. However, the mechanisms driving the progressive death of functional cells due to lysosomal defects remain incompl...
Acquired immunity is characterized by specificity and develops by clonal selection from a vast repertoire of lymphocytes bearing antigen-specific receptors that are generated via a mechanism generally known as gene rearrangement. The innate immune response is not completely nonspecific, as was originally ...
anaphylactic Shock A severe reaction that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. Characterized by bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and sometimes sudden death....
[103]. Additionally, the different components of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to induce various forms of cell death. The SARS-CoV-2 S protein induces syncytia formation in ACE2-expressing cells, and the resulting cell death has been characterized as GSDME-dependent pyroptosis [102]. Infected...