innate immunitymolecular targetsviral infectionsThis chapter reviews the current understanding of the induction and function of innate immune responses to viral infections. The focus is on the characteristics u
responsescharacterized by inflammation and/or IFN production. The cell types specialized in innate immunity includeneutrophilleukocytes,monocytes, macrophages, DCs, andNKT cells. These cell types have different phenotypes and functional profiles that contribute to inflammation and pathogen killing via ...
Innate ImmunityThe vertebrate, including human, immune system is a complex multilayered system for defending against external and internal threats to the integrity of the body. The system can be divided into two types of defense systems: the innate immune system, which is nonspecific toward a ...
2.4.3 Gills in Innate Immunity Gill-associated lymphoid tissue (GIALT) has been characterized in Atlantic salmon and different fish species (Resseguier et al. 2020; Haugarvoll et al. 2008). This tissue was, in Atlantic salmon, identified to express upregulated genes such as complement ...
Cytoplasmic RNA sensors, including TLR3 and RLRs such as MDA5 and LGP2, play a critical role in innate immunity by recognizing viral RNA [53]. In particular, RIG-I detects short dsRNA or 5′-pppRNA, and MDA5 detects long dsRNA. LGP2 also detects viral RNA and is known to be a pos...
1 The innate immune response in skin as the first line of defense against pathogen attacks consists of three major sets of elements: the physical/anatomical barriers, the cellular components, and the chem- ical/secretory molecules. In response to a pathogen, innate immunity (1) releases ...
The innate immune system comprises the nonspecific resistance to pathogens, whereas adaptive immunity is characterized by antigen specificity and immunologic memory. In this review, key components of the innate and adaptive immune responses will be discussed, including recent data supporting significant ...
Lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), which are characterized by genetic and metabolic lysosomal dysfunctions, constitute over 60 degenerative diseases with considerable health and economic burdens. However, the mechanisms driving the progressive death of functional cells due to lysosomal defects remain incompl...
anaphylactic Shock A severe reaction that occurs when an allergen is introduced to the bloodstream of an allergic individual. Characterized by bronchoconstriction, labored breathing, widespread vasodilation, circulatory shock, and sometimes sudden death....
[103]. Additionally, the different components of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported to induce various forms of cell death. The SARS-CoV-2 S protein induces syncytia formation in ACE2-expressing cells, and the resulting cell death has been characterized as GSDME-dependent pyroptosis [102]. Infected...