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As an example, theCXCL1gene is a known primary innate immune response gene and a primary response eQTL (as expected from its known functions as an important chemokine in this response). It is mostly expressed in later time points of Poly(I:C)-stimulated cells (Fig.3c), and its expression...
Considering the high polarity and proteolytic tendency of the abovementioned cyclic dinucleotide agonists, their clinical application potential is limited. In recent years, nonnucleotide derivatives have gained prominence due to their high specificity and effectiveness. For example, amide compounds, such as...
Innate immune systems, although lacking the highly evolved antibody-producing mechanisms, are complex and involve gene families involved in signal detection, signal transduction, signal modulation, and stimulus response. For example, recent transcriptional profiling has revealed that over 500 genes are ...
Epithelial cells also have substantive regenerative properties which are essential to recovery post-infection. While these regenerative properties are not aspects of innate immunity per-se, innate immune signals and programs can affect regeneration. For example, following influenza infection, epithelial-deriv...
2). Consequently, this stimulates the production of proteins that establish a robust immune response to repress the replication and assembly of pathogens (99, 100). The innate immune system has been extensively reviewed elsewhere (101, 102, 103), so in the next section, we will discuss how ...
For example, stressed cattle can have increased proliferation of Mannheimia haemolytica in the nasopharynx and tonsil. In addition, with reduced innate immune responses, organisms such as Mycoplasma bovis and viruses (PI-3, RSV, BVDv) have enhanced opportunities to colonize, proliferate, and damage ...
limited number of specific targets: any pathogenic threat triggers a consistent sequence of events that can identify the type of pathogen and either clear the infection independently or mobilize a highly specialized adaptive immune response. For example, tears and mucus secretions contain microbicidal ...
For example, the NaeK-ATPase can convert the free energy of ATP into transmembrane ion gradients, and then induced changes in the intracellular calcium ion concentrations, which affect the activity of immune protein, such as C-type lectins, calcium vector and calmodulin [5,8–11]. However,...
ATF6, for example, does not have a well defined role in innate immunity. This ER stress-regulated transcription factor, however, is a key component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is induced in response to and can be modulated by several viruses and bacterial toxins [46–48]...