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As an example, theCXCL1gene is a known primary innate immune response gene and a primary response eQTL (as expected from its known functions as an important chemokine in this response). It is mostly expressed in later time points of Poly(I:C)-stimulated cells (Fig.3c), and its expression...
Considering the high polarity and proteolytic tendency of the abovementioned cyclic dinucleotide agonists, their clinical application potential is limited. In recent years, nonnucleotide derivatives have gained prominence due to their high specificity and effectiveness. For example, amide compounds, such as...
Innate immune systems, although lacking the highly evolved antibody-producing mechanisms, are complex and involve gene families involved in signal detection, signal transduction, signal modulation, and stimulus response. For example, recent transcriptional profiling has revealed that over 500 genes are ...
For example, stressed cattle can have increased proliferation of Mannheimia haemolytica in the nasopharynx and tonsil. In addition, with reduced innate immune responses, organisms such as Mycoplasma bovis and viruses (PI-3, RSV, BVDv) have enhanced opportunities to colonize, proliferate, and damage ...
limited number of specific targets: any pathogenic threat triggers a consistent sequence of events that can identify the type of pathogen and either clear the infection independently or mobilize a highly specialized adaptive immune response. For example, tears and mucus secretions contain microbicidal ...
Innate immune responses to pathogens are evolutionarily ancient and are found in the most primitive organisms. These are highly conserved and are not pathogen-specific, but are in response to classes of molecular structures. Infections can be perceived b
(the adaptive immune arm) that will expand the range of immune strategies for eliminating and protecting against microbial pathogens. However, as with most biological systems, when inflammation becomes excessive and long-lasting, the outcomes may be decidedly negative. For example, when allowed to ...
ATF6, for example, does not have a well defined role in innate immunity. This ER stress-regulated transcription factor, however, is a key component of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which is induced in response to and can be modulated by several viruses and bacterial toxins [46–48]...
In another example, although T lymphocytes are not required for the production of antibody, there is optimal antibody production after interaction between T and B lymphocytes.For a discussion of abnormalities of the immune response system, see immune response. Types of Immunity. An individual may ...