Innate immune responses to pathogens are evolutionarily ancient and are found in the most primitive organisms. These are highly conserved and are not pathogen-specific, but are in response to classes of molecular structures. Infections can be perceived both extracellularly and intracellularly by Pathogen...
For example, bacteria, viruses and even a splinter of wood can be categorized as an antigen. Your immune system’s job is to protect you against these bad guys. Now, your body also produces good antigens known as HLA antigens. Your immune system can detect and react to the different ...
The role of innate immune responses, especially type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) and epithelial cell-related cytokines including IL-33, IL-25, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), in the development of viral-induced airway inflammation has recently been established. For ...
As an example, theCXCL1gene is a known primary innate immune response gene and a primary response eQTL (as expected from its known functions as an important chemokine in this response). It is mostly expressed in later time points of Poly(I:C)-stimulated cells (Fig.3c), and its expression...
Toll was first identified as an antifungal gene responsible for the Drosophila immune system, and later studies further elucidated the fundamental role of TLRs in innate immune sensing in mammals20. To date, multiple TLRs have been discovered, and their functions have been clarified. For example, ...
The worldwide prevalence of MS for example is estimated at around 0.01%, but its worldwide impact on disability-adjusted life years is ten times higher. Also since several neurological disorders are particularly prevalent in the more affluent regions of the world, with ageing populations, they ...
2.2Cells in the Innate Immune Response The traditional view that the adaptive and innate immune defense is divided into two compartments is now more or less history. The fish innate immune cells comprise not only the “traditional” innate cells such as macrophages (Kordon et al.2018; Rieger ...
Innate immunityis the predominant defense when the mammary gland is first exposed to mastitis-causing pathogens and before the adaptive immune system is activated. The development of acute or chronic inflammatory responses, for example, is often associated with several aspects of innate defense mechanism...
limited number of specific targets: any pathogenic threat triggers a consistent sequence of events that can identify the type of pathogen and either clear the infection independently or mobilize a highly specialized adaptive immune response. For example, tears and mucus secretions contain microbicidal ...
Ym1 (Chi3-L3) is a novel mammalian lectin that was discovered as a secretory product of mouse peritoneal macrophages in response to nematode infections (Hung et al.2002). However, multiple tissues including the brain express Ym1 during an immune response. For example, Ym1 expression was trans...