Evolution of influenza A viruses Influenza A virusescontain segmented single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) and are continuously evolving. Small base changes occur bypoint mutations, known as genetic drift, which is driven by the infidelity of the virus-encoded polymerase[7,16]. Major changes occur less fre...
because the influenza virus constantly changes its surface proteins due to antigenic drift and shift, it has been impossible thus far to produce a vaccine that confers lifelong protection against all influenza serotypes. Consequently, annual vaccination programs are undertaken in developed countries just...
During this time, H3N2 influenza has continually evolved both genetically and antigenically. Most antigenic drift is thought to be driven by changes to epitopes in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein [2]. Phylogenetic analysis of the relationships among HA sequences has revealed a distinctive genealogical...
et al. Substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution. Science 342, 976–979 (2013). This is a key paper showing that the majority of substantial antigenic changes as determined by experimental assays from 1968 to – have been ...
Koel, B. F. et al. Substitutions near the receptor binding site determine major antigenic change during influenza virus evolution.Science342, 976–979 (2013).This is a key paper showing that the majority of substantial antigenic changes as determined by experimental assays from 1968 to – have ...
IAV alters Mdm2 protein level and its nucleo-cytoplasmic localization during the time-course of infection. Immunofluorescence staining of Mdm2 (red) and influenza NS1 (green) in mock-infected (panels a to h) or infected with H3N2 virus at a MOI of 1 (panels i to x) was performed at diffe...
These titers rose modestly over time, even in the absence of major antigenic shifts. No sustained increase in neutralizing antibody titers against an antigenically more stable virus (human cytomegalovirus) was observed. The results herein describe a role for antigenic variation in shaping the humoral ...
A multi-state study, published in The Lancet, is one of the first real world data analyses of the effectiveness of the RSV—short for respiratory syncytial virus—vaccine. VISION Network researchers report that across the ... Oct 17, 2024 ...
H2N2. This serotype was the cause of theAsian influenzaoutbreak of 1957. This serotype may have resulted from a mutation in ducks that subsequently crossed species to humans (Scholtissek et al., 1978). The death toll of this virus has been estimated to be between one and four mil...
The viral particles of influenza virus A are typically spherical and enveloped (reviewed in ref. [26]; Figure 9.2). The genome, which is segmented, comprises eight single-stranded RNA molecules of negative polarity (Figure 9.3). Viral sequences are prone to mutation and to genetic changes resu...