From the 20th century onward, scientific advancement and the setting of environmental standards brought about a revolution in the field of water and wastewater treatment. In 1912, the concept of biological oxygen demand was first introduced, and by 1914, there was a major breakthrough in the ...
The current fourth industrial revolution with artificial intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT) is leading the global economy and accelerating the convergence of business, industries and IT to create new business models, including a hyper-connected society [4]. In particular, smart citi...