Civilization in the Indus River Valley Begins About 2500 BC, about the time when the pyramids were rising in Egypt, the first Indian civilizations were forming in the Indus River Valley. Little is known about these civilizations, but Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were most likely twin capital cities....
There is evidence of dry river beds overlapping with the Hakra channel in Pakistan and the seasonal Ghaggar River in India. Many Indus Valley (or Harappan) sites have been discovered along the Ghaggar-Hakra beds. Among them are: Rupar, Rakhigarhi, Sothi, Kalibangan, and Ganwariwala. Acco...
The Indus Valley civilization is an ancient one, on the same order as Mesopotamia, Egypt, or China. All these areas relied onimportant rivers: Egypt relying on the annual flooding of the Nile, China on the Yellow River, the ancient Indus Valley civilization (aka Harappan, Indus-Sarasvati, or...
The Indus river system (IRS) had been the lifeline for the Indus valley civilization since time immemorial. Wiping out of this ancient civilization is attributed to drying up of the rivers due to prolonged drought for about 900 years during 2330–1430 BCE (Dutt et al., 2018). Even in the...
Our study sheds new light on the role of river dynamics on early urbanisation. We find that the locus for the abundant Indus Civilisation urban settlements along the Ghaggar–Hakra palaeochannel was the relict, underfilled topography of a recently abandoned valley of the Himalayan Sutlej River ...
IndexDescription and definition (units) GD4 Growing degree days (sum of Tavg > 4 °C) (°C) GSL Growing season length (days). GSL is calculated as the period length between the first occurrence when Tavg > 5 °C for six consecutive days until the first occurrence after 1 July when T...
As in the case of the weather model, a full description and parameter sensitivity analysis of the land and land water models will be delivered as a separate article. All submodels related to land units in the Indus Village model are designed to represent the conditions and processes involved ...
The detailed description of HEC-RAS is provided by [40,41]. The detail of the methodology adopted in this study is shown in Figure 2. Figure 2. Detailed methodology flow chart adopted in this study for the simulation of the 2010 and 2015 flood using the HEC-RAS model. A two-...
GRACE/GRACE-FO; Swarm; evapotranspiration; land cover type; Indus River basin1. Introduction Global warming and human activities have massive impacts on the terrestrial water cycle and have changed the natural hydrological system, resulting in a significant increase in the frequency of extreme heat, ...
3.2.4. Validation of Estimates Precipitation by Means of the SWAT Hydrological Model • SWAT Model Description The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is a hydrological model developed for the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service (ARS) by Dr. Jeff Arnold and ...