The first direction is associated with the development of new knowledge representation languages that are closer to ordinary human reasoning. Examples are fuzzy reasoning logic, nonmonotonic logic, etc. The sec
Identifying formal grammars with rewriting systems is a grave error in judgement. A conjunctive grammar can be defined in the same three ways as an ordinary context-free grammar: by a deduction system [12] with appropriately extended inference rules, by language equations [13] involving the ...
Dillig I, Dillig T, Li B, McMillan KL (2013) Inductive invariant generation via abductive inference. In: OOPSLA. ACM, London, pp 443–456 Eén N, Mishchenko A, Brayton RK (2011) Efficient implementation of property directed reachability. In: FMCAD. IEEE, pp 125–134 Fedyukovich G, Ahm...
In moving to reasoning behaviour, we are now more directly in the realm of central processes and of explicit verbal reasoning tasks of the type dealt with in logic, be it deductive or inductive. Inductive reasoning, in its broadest sense, concerns inference from specific premises to general ...
According to the notion which the ancients entertained of induction, the foregoing were cases of as legitimate inference as any inductions whatever. In these two instances, in which, the conclusion being false, the ground of inference must have been insufficient, there was, nevertheless, as much...
The application ofinductiveclassification to performance data for a pseudorandom sample of dugs, deriving decision trees for the choice of data structures. From theCambridge English Corpus Aninductiveinference is then made to the conclusion that certain instances, types, groups, or patterns of evils ...
The truth of the minor may not here be obvious at first sight; it may not be intuitively evident, but may itself be known only by inference. It may be the conclusion of another argument, which, thrown into the syllogistic form, would stand thus:—Whatever forms a compound with hydrogen,...
Furthermore, CP produces confidence values associated with individual test instances. The major drawback of traditional CP is the computational inefficiency of transductive inference, which restricts its applicability. Transductive CP for active learning has been implemented on incremental support vector ...
5). Related background knowledge is also supplied in the form of logical facts (e.g., C3 and C5) and inference rules (e.g., C4 and C6). ILP generates new clauses, which form, along with the clauses given as background knowledge, a new program about the target concept. For ...
When making a prediction using a conformal classifier, the nonconformity function is applied to a set of examples with known labels, resulting in a set of nonconformity scores α1, ..., αk that represents a sample which is to be used for statistical inference (we here refer to this as...