Additionally, each study was assessed to determine whether it (1) examined the actual presence of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), (2) assessed the quantity or percentage of the APIs, and/or (3) looked for other ingredients (excipients and other analytes). Use of Raman spectrometry, ...
FRP studies on CDs (n = 13) were mostly concerned with tuberculosis (TB) in LwMICs (n = 7) (Additional file5). CHE due to TB could be as high as 80% (Zimbabwe) despite the availability of free treatments in public facilities [45]. Drug-resistant TB was responsible for abo...
In 41 of the 56 included LMICs (73.2%), the percentage of women using solid fuel for cooking exceeded 50%, and 19 countries exceeded 90% (Fig. 4). Of note, the prevalence was higher in pregnant women than in non-pregnant women (69.1% (68.5–69.7) vs. 65.3% (65.0–65.6)) (Table...
The essential role of bank credit as an input in the production of goods and services places banks in a unique and influential position, such that any inefficiency in credit allocation, or other market distortions in banking, are almost certain to be felt throughout the economy (Shaffer, 2004)...