(2002) suggested using this test only after the cross-sectional de-meaning of data. If cross-sectional dependence exists, the series must be de-meaned before using the LLC unit root test. A BT panel unit root test can also be used if cross-sectional dependence exists in data; however, ...
The expenditure method of calculating national income or gross domestic product takes into account the final goods and services produced in a country during a period of time. The formula for calculating national expenditure is: National income = C + I + G + (X−M) ...
Meaning Substandard and falsified medicines are a substantial health and economic problem; a concerted global effort is needed to secure the global supply chain, increase quality control capacity, and improve surveillance to better assess the problem and identify solutions. Abstract Importance Substandard ...
Meaning Effective, scalable care for noncommunicable diseases led by nonphysicians is feasible in diverse low-resource settings but requires several common, key implementation steps. Abstract Importance Cardiovascular disease, cancer, and other noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading causes of mortal...
There are some states and union territories that do not charge professional tax too. The states which impose the professional tax are Karnataka, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Assam, Kerala, Meghalaya, Odisha, Tripura, Madhya Pradesh, and Sikkim...
Value-Added Tax (VAT), also known as agoods and services tax(GST) in some countries, it is a form of tax that is assessed incrementally. It is levied on the actual transaction value of a product or service at each stage of production, distribution, or sale to the end consumer.VAT ess...
Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) which falls under the meaning of Section 3 Clause (g) of the Institutes of Technology Act, 1961 Management institutes which have been specified by the Central Government by notification in the Official Gazette State or Central Government Institutions which have ...
should compensate for the resulting reduction in services. They argued that this was in line with the widely accepted principle of subsidiarity (meaning that government should perform only tasks which cannot be performed effectively at a more peripheral, local level). There was even money set aside...
in Pakistan. On August 25th Pakistan released the results of its census, updating earlier population estimates. They showed that the country has207.8m people, more than 9m more than previously thought. It may now have the fifth biggest population in the world, surpassing Brazil’s. But the ...
Menstrual hygiene management (MHM) has gained some attention and several literature reviews have been published. However, both original papers and reviews tend to focus on absorbent access and use and not on the disposal of menstrual waste. This review aims to fill a gap in the water, sanitatio...