JEL classification 1. Introduction 2. Income and consumption in the study of inequality in China 3. How exceptional is China? 4. Survey data for China and India 5. The distribution of income and expenditure 6. Determinant factors of the income and expenditure distributions 7. Concluding remarks...
We classified countries into regions (South Asia, Latin America and Africa) using the WHO regional designations with the exception of the classification for Pakistan, which we included in South Asia to be consistent with previous linear growth studies using DHS20. One included cohort was from Bela...
Dry deciduous woodland is the dominant vegetation type in northwestern Ethiopia. However, the contribution of such forests and their products to local and national communities has not been empirically studied so far, particularly in the study area. This study was carried out to assess the contributio...
We conducted a scoping review to examine the universal coverage for oral health care in low-income countries. We followed the World Bank 2020 income classification [17] in identifying the 27 low-income countries (countries with gross national income [GNI] per capita of 1,045 US dollars or les...
Least developed countries: UN classification Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Low & middle income Low income Lower middle income Luxembourg Macao SAR, China Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania ...
In all the heterogeneity, robustness and mechanism tests, river density is taken as the IV for calculation. Cities are divided by scale according to the "Notice of the State Council on Adjusting the Standards for Urban Scale Classification" ([2014] No. 51). Among them, megacities, megalopolis...
This reports the change rate in the Gini ratios after transfer by country groups in the latest year, showing that fiscal transfers exert little impact on income inequality in developing countries, especially those with a middle or lower development status. Notes: (1) The classification of countries...
The joint forest management program in India would have the code 142: the state is the official owner of the forest, but shares use rights with communities, and is managed with moderate enforcement of rules. Employing a parsimonious classification system to describe forest tenures across a ...
Surveys by income classification Low income 107 (60%) Lower middle income 59 (33%) Upper middle income 13 (7%) Children per survey Median (IQR) 3159 (2495) Range 351 to 27352 Mean HAZ in the 0 to <3-month age band Mean (SE*) −0·44 (0·05) Range −2·07 to 0·79 Regio...
Records were included if they presented primary data from one or more of the 84 LLMICs, as defined by the 2013 World Bank analytic classifications16 or on one or more non-communicable behavioural risk factor (defined by WHO as tobacco use, unhealthy diet, harmful alcohol use, and physical ...