Repetitive DNA sequences playing critical roles in driving evolution, inducing variation, and regulating gene expression. In this review, we summarized the definition, arrangement, and structural characteristics of repeats. Besides, we introduced diverse
Despite the remarkable success of GWAS, it remains challenging to interpret this information since more than 90% of identified variants reside in the noncoding regions of the genome10. Moreover, the identified variants only explain a small fraction of heritability, with factors accounting for the ...
Translation processes in plants are very similar to those in other eukaryotic organisms and can in general be explained with the scanning model. Particularly among plant viruses, unconventional mRNAs are frequent, which use modulated translation processes for their expression: leaky scanning, translational...
In fact, only a few hundred are able to inflict damage to the human host. In addition, the spectrum of human disease caused by a particular pathogen varies considerably depending on the factors related to the ecological agent, the host, and the infectious agents. Several emerging or re...
20,000-25,000 'haploid' protein coding genes. The completed human sequence can now identify their locations. But only about 1.5% of the genome codes for proteins, while the rest consists of non-coding RNA genes, regulatory sequences, introns, and noncoding DNA (once known as "junk DNA")...
Human evolution: the non-coding revolution Article Open access 02 October 2017 Background A cytosine followed by a guanine (CG) is the best known example of a nucleotide word within the human genome that has a dramatically increased probability to undergo mutation [1]. By the early 1960s, ...
The basic packaging unit, the nucleosome, consists of approximately 147 base pairs of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer, containing two copies of each of the histone proteins H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. The positioning of these nucleosomes along the genome is important for control of gene ...
RAPD markers: RAPD is a PCR-based marker system. In this system, the total genomic DNA of an individual is amplified by PCR using a single, short (usually about ten nucleotides/bases) and random primer. The primer which binds to many different loci is used to amplify random sequences from...
Whole-genome recoding has been shown to enable nonstandard amino acids, biocontainment and viral resistance in bacteria. Here we take the first steps to extend this to human cells demonstrating exceptional base editing to convert TAG to TAA for 33 essential genes via a single transfection, and ex...
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are linked to cancer via pathogenic changes in their expression levels. Yet, it remains unclear whether lncRNAs can also impact tumour cell fitness via function-altering somatic “driver” mutations. To search for such driver-lncRNAs, we here perform a genome-wide ...