Eukaryotic genomic DNA exists as chromatin in the nucleus.72The basic functional unit of chromatin is the nucleosome, which contains ~146 bp of DNA wrapped around a histone octamer. A histone octamer is composed of two copies each of histones H2A, H2B, H3, and H4. The nucleosomes are co...
Transcription factors (TFs) control specificity and activity of gene transcription, but whether a relationship between these two features exists is unclear. Here we provide evidence for an evolutionary trade-off between the activity and specificity in human TFs encoded as submaximal dispersion of aromati...
Bottom row: Same embryos as in top panels stained with anti-PIE-1. PIE-1 is also seen in P4 at 47 cells, decreases as P4 divides at ∼90 cells, and is absent from Z2/Z3 at 200 cells. Scale bar in all panels equals 5 μm. PIE-1 Degradation and Chromatin Remodeling Are Tempora...
The intervening DNA between nucleosomes, called linker DNA, varies in length between 30 and 60 bp in human cells and varies between species, and cell types [4, 5]. At the most fundamental level, chromatin exists in two different states: euchromatin and heterochromatin. Euchromatin is loosely ...
12. Our results show that, as in previous studies, most metamonad ACSs branch in one of two clades, known as ACS1 and ACS2. The ACS homologs found in the BaSks also form two distinct groups; one appears to be related to ACS2 found within Carpediemonas membranifera, Ergobibamus ...
In the nucleus, chromatin exists as a hierarchical folding structure [2], [12], [13], [14]. With the development of high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), topologically associating domains (TADs) have been identified at the megabase level [12]. These domains are characterized...
Glucose metabolic reprogramming between aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, previously speculated as exclusively observable in cancer cells, exists in various types of immune and stromal cells in many different pathological conditions other than cancer [6]. It has been well established that tu...
(Extended Data Fig.10b). We assessed the quality of inferred terminal states via cell-type purity, defined as the percentage of the most abundant cell type, reasoning that a high cell-type purity results from a low inference uncertainty of the underlying transition matrix (Methods). Indeed, ...
and thus functions as osmosensor, mechanosensor and chemosensor. Assembly and disassembly of primary cilia are tightly coordinated throughout the cell cycle. While mitotic cells lack cilia, quiescent cells are ciliated. In most cells, resorption occurs in G1, when cells are preparing for active cy...
cells alike. In this regard, for tumors, the extracellular matrix is usually changed and disorganized based on acidic pH and local hypoxia areas that impact the progression of the tumor (Petrova et al.2018). Also, this extracellular matrix can be fibrotic and denser as tumors enlarge, ...