A variety of terms are used interchangeably in various fields and their meaning changes in different domains. One of the terms is reproduction, which has a specific meaning in biology. It is essential to understand these terms and the context in which they are used....
The term \(a_j^t \in \{0,1\}\) refers to the control decision: if \(a_j^t = 1\), the control-measure is applied in herd j at decision time t, otherwise it is not. \(C_{a_j^t}^t(j)\) is the cost in herd j associated with the decision taken at time t. This ...
This study showed that in frogs, tSCs are not required for the acute function of the motor axon, but are necessary for the long-term integrity and maintenance of the NMJ. In addition, this study showed that when SCs were ablated in developing tadpoles, NMJs failed to form properly. In ...
GO annotations for the genes were obtained by Blast2 GO. This analysis mapped all the annotated genes to GO terms in the database and counted the number of genes associated with each term. Perl script was then used to plot GO functional classification for the unigenes with a GO term hit ...
search from January 1, 2013, to February 28, 2023, in five English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus, and WHO IRIS) and four Chinese databases (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, China Science and Technology Journal Database, Wan Fang Database, and China Biology Medicine...
Concepts and methodologies from human neuroscience may offer some understanding of the experiential state of an animal [88]. In the following sections, we will discuss several candidate biomarkers (Fig.1) by providing a short description of their biology and then a concise review of their associati...
Further, the context of decision-making in environmental health research differs: Unlike in the clinical setting, environmental exposures are often assessed for risks only after exposure -often wide-spread and long-term- has already occurred in the population [28]. Also, environmental health studies...
Finally, we provided a ranking system from FLAGS to assist in the prioritization of genes from exome/whole-genome clinical studies. Methods Terminologies used in this study In this study, the term “functional variants” refers to variants that are missense, nonsense or fall within a splice ...
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that temperament is strongly influenced by more than 700 genes that modulate associative conditioning by molecular processes for synaptic plasticity and long-term learning and memory. The results w
The term ‘viroid-like satellite RNA’ refers to certain viral satellite RNAs, which are similar to viroids in size (∼220–370 nt), circularity, compact secondary structure, rolling circle replication, and generally lack of protein-coding ability (Schneider 1969; Roossinck, Sleat, and ...