5d). This result supports our interpretation of the flat IV as a sign of an electrical synapse. Fig. 5 Pharmacology of inhibitory conductances in OFF OS RGCs. a, b Effect of gabazine and strychnine on light step responses (200 μm diameter) of example OFF OS RGCs from darkness. ...
The extensive arborization of DA axons5, the high density of release sites6, and the location of DA receptors and transporters some distance from release sites has led to the concept of DA as a volume-transmitted, global and spatially-uniform signal7. In contrast to the concept of a ...
Underneath the postsynaptic plasma membranes of each synapse resides a protein-rich sub-compartment known as postsynaptic density (PSD), an assembly responsible for receiving, interpreting, and storage of signals transmitted by presynaptic axonal termini. PSDs are disc-shaped, electron-dense thickenings...
Signaling pathways allow cells to detect and respond to a wide variety of chemical (e.g. Ca2+or chemokine proteins) and physical stimuli (e.g., sheer stress, light). Together, these pathways form an extensive communication network that regulates basic cell activities and coordinates the function...
Integrinα4β7 can bind gp120 activating LFA-1 which is involved in viral synapse formation and cell-to-cell transmission [13]. Furthermore, the host's genetics can influence the immune response to HIV-1 infection. The most important finding in this regard is the homozygosity for a 32 bp...
3.2. Amyloid Beta and Synapse Although accumulation of Aβ is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease, synaptic loss and dysfunction are also linked to the severity of cognitive deficit in AD patients [59]. Aggregation of Aβ occurs as the result of either an increase in Aβ production...
Figure 4. PA96, similarly to GDNF, promotes the survival of naïve (a) and MPP+-treated (b) primary midbrain dopamine neurons from wild-type mice in vitro. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.0001, ANOVA with Dunnett’s post hoc test (a) and paired t-test (b) compared...
EFR3A is a critical component of a protein complex required for the synthesis of the phosphoinositide PtdIns4P, which has a variety of functions at the neural synapse. We hypothesized that deleterious mutations in EFR3A would be significantly associated with ASD. Methods We conducted a large case...
measuring electrical events at the worm synapse is challenging. The worm is about 1 mm long and the diameter of the neuronal cell bodies averages only 2-3 um, therefore, it is very difficult to gain access to the neurons. Also, the identification of cells or neurons of interest requires ...
Twenty strains of scrapie have been identified, all of which can be transmitted to a range of species by massive inoculation or ingestion in experimental animals, but they show the “species barrier” by the slowness with which they infect. The one strain of BSE is more virulent. Many resear...