Rake receivers101are used in conjunction with phase-locked loop (PLL)133circuits to remove carrier-offset. Carrier-offset occurs as a result of transmitter/receiver component mismatches and other RF distortion. The present invention75requires that a low level pilot signal135be produced by despreading...
A time-discrete PT generated has a well-defined pulse probability. Over time an\(N\)-dimensional vector of pulses/bits\({\varvec{x}}=({x}_{0},\boldsymbol{ }{x}_{1},\dots ,\boldsymbol{ }{x}_{N-1})\)is created which fully represents the PT in the following manner:\({x}_...
In a specific embodiment, the MZM driver module is configured for a PAM-4 signal modulation characterized by four discrete pulse amplitude levels, including first through fourth amplitude levels, and three eye opening levels, including top, middle, and bottom eye openings. This MZM driver can be...
the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC). The ASIC may reside in a wireless modem. In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in the...
and the various functional blocks can each be implemented as one or more discrete components, combined with other functional blocks into a single component, implemented in any suitable architecture or arrangement, etc. For example, the receiver system110includes any suitable components for receiving a...
The simulation details include a “discrete” solver type with a step size of 1 × 10−6 s. The IPMSM and inverter are modeled using Simscape library components. The controller sampling-time and control period are established at 10 kHz. Additionally, the converter switching frequency is ...
[22]. By employing high -efficiency modulation technologies, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete multi-tone (DMT), data rates can also be effectively increased [23]. Xu et al. adopted the OFDM technology with 64-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) to realize ...
Due to the fact that dealing with discrete variables is complicated in numerical optimization approaches, these variables are considered continuous. Nevertheless, it is noteworthy that the optimal values achieved here are unavailable in the market, which leads to conflict between optimization proposals ...
3 σ principle is used to calculate the value of σ: σ = ×× 0.01 (11) where is the timespan of a gait cycle, 0.01 is time coefficient because the minimal time unit is 10ms with discrete calculation, C is the constant, which takes the value as 2 and 3.5 in propulsive and ...
The traditional deadbeat direct power control is a control method based on discrete model. Due to the change of external factors, the model parameters do not match the actual parameters, which affects the control effect. In order to evaluate the influence of parameter variation on the model, thi...