The Pareto-optimal goal for monetary and fiscal policy should be to minimize "share risk," therisk that a predetermined future payment as a share of the economy will differ from expectations. Deviations of this share from expectations is inversely related to NGAP, the deviation ofnominal GDP (...
indicator coverage by a specific model was influenced not only by its capacity to output the indicator but also by the models’ relevance in addressing them, as is the case, for example, with the GDP-related indicators, which only come from the macroeconomic models. Our study performs the fir...
At nominal GdCl3 additions ranging from 1 to 500 渭M, no impact was observed compared to the control. Most (>98%) of the added Gd precipitated, and extracellular GdPO4 nanoparticles were observed. When chelated with DTPA, Gd remained soluble, but no statistically significant impact on ammonia...
Vietnam has lost 1–1.5% of GDP annually between 1989 and 2008 due to natural disasters, which hinders the social and economic development of the country (World Bank 2010). To name a few, typhoon Xangsane struck 15 provinces in the central region in 2006 and caused USD 649 million in ...
stock market index is positively associated with real GDP, stock earnings, the trade-weighted nominal effective exchange rate, and the U.K. stock market index and negatively influenced by the government debt/GDP ratio, the M2/GDP ratio, the real Treasury bill rate, the real corporate bond ...
The results in Column 4 indicate that city lockdown caused reduction in GRP by 2.8 percentage points, which explains 29% of the nominal decline, or 17.2% of the overall recession from the 5-year average growth of 6.74% prior to the pandemic. This is largely consistent with existing studies...
Draw a graph of the money market. Show the effect of the following scenarios on the money demand curve, the money supply curve, and the equilibrium short-term nominal interest rate. a) The Fed decreases the money supply. b) A recession cause...
After quantifying both 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural, considered as an important indicator of degradation, and 2-furaldehyde, an ultimate GDP of one degradation pathway, in marketed solutions, the aim of this work is to build a model integrating all the parameters involved in the formation rates of...
Fig. 1d, however, shows a dramatic fall in the price of grains relative to energy during and following the 1970s oil crisis and from 2002. A similar pattern, but considerably dampened, is observed for the price of grains prices relative to fertilisers. In summary then, nominal grain prices...
is productivity differential (real GDP per capita relative to main trading partner), TOT is terms of trade (price of exports relative to price of imports), TO is trade openness (sum of value of exports and imports divided by nominal GDP), GEX is government expenditures (as % age of GDP)...