This is a study of the first order incidence of government taxation and expenditure policies on the incomes of families and unattached individuals in Canada in 1970. The specific purposes of the study are twofol
Currently, with increasing attention to environmental issues, countries are gradually reducing their dependence on traditional non-renewable and polluting energy sources and shifting to the development and use of renewable and clean energy sources such as solar, wind, and nuclear energy (Loiter and Norb...
Assessment of the effective use of international travel measures during the COVID-19 pandemic has focused on public health goals, namely limiting virus introduction and onward transmission. However, risk-based approaches includes the weighing of public h
What is tax incidence? How does it relate to tax shifting? If the government increases expenditure by $40 billion and increases tax receipts by $40 billion, what is the impact on aggregate demand? Explain your answer. What are "Revenue Deficit," "Effective Revenue Deficit," "Fisca...
Furthermore, the reduction in purchases was stronger in areas with a superior incidence of obesity, in areas with higher income and for products with higher sugar content. Finally, as the amount of the tax is different according to the sugar content of the product, we show that the estimated...
First, a review of the composition of pension funds, incidence of pension scheme deficits and the impact of pension risk, variously measured, on equity risk and debt ratings. The latter component is based on an econometric analysis of a panel data set of FTSE100 companies for the period 2002...
They show that in the presence of imperfect competition, the incidence of ad valorem and excise taxes may differ and may be either over- or under- shifted into prices. The seminal papers by Poterba (1996) and Besley and Rosen (1999) demonstrate empirically that various shifting patterns are ...
What is the impact of an increase in direct taxes (e.g. income tax) on the AS- AD model? What is tax incidence? How does it relate to tax shifting? What adverse effects are caused by tax incentives to increase saving? What adverse effects might be caused by tax incentives ...
Before the tax change, the average difference between petrol and diesel was approximately €2000. This is in line with previous estimates (Verboven, 2002, Ryan et Model We quantify the effect of the recent tax change in Ireland, which has switched the incidence of taxation from engine size to...
active.13This implicitly assumes that labour is homogenous, relative wages reflect relative productivities, and once an individual has decided to be active on the labour market, the incidence of unemployment is an independent random event, with an exogenous probability (see footnote 3 for more ...