Causal diagrams for empirical legal research: a methodology for identifying causation, avoiding bias and interpreting resultsIn this paper, we introduce methodology—causal directed acyclic graphs (DAGs)—that empirical researchers can use to identify causation, avoid bias, and interpret empirical results....
Previous hypothesis-driven research has identified many risk factors linked to dementia. However, the multiplicity and co-occurrence of risk factors have been underestimated. Here we analysed data of 344,324 participants from the UK Biobank with 15 yr of follow-up data for 210 modifiable risk ...
the violation of a norm is accompanied and signaled by social emotions that have an important function in the “recalibration of social evaluation in the minds of self and others”15, P. 292. These emotions are universal, although their
In this work, we propose a new approach based on the formal modeling of signaling pathways. Signaling pathways are formally modeled, and then model checking tools are applied to find the likelihood of perturbation for each pathway in a given condition. By adopting formal methods, various complex ...
Moreover, our findings reveal how the criminalization of substances, people who sell them, and those who use them [39] has positioned young sexual minority men within a socio-legal context where they must balance competing priorities of safer substance use and avoiding persecution, including when...
First, we use a set module to map various triplets with the same set of instances to one condition, avoiding messy training update signals. On the other hand, we add a regularizer to force se- lecting different conditional embeddings when a model pre- dicts both a tr...
Virtual private network (VPN) provide secure communication for remote users to access geographically and content-based locked services, which is a locked tunnel between the remote user device and the Internet, having the capability for avoiding the user traffic from spoofing, sniffing, and censorship...
Science-driven research productivity and associated innovation processes have become increasingly complex for a number of reasons (Bloom et al.2020; Boyack et al.2017; Chen2006; Chu and Evans2021; Jones2009; Kozlow2023). Globally, over 2.6 million scientific articles were published in 2018 alone ...
Because ADNI is a relatively select research cohort, it is vulnerable to selection bias39; therefore, we used the NACC dataset for validation. This NACC dataset is a “real-world” memory clinic-based cohort, including people with Alzheimer’s disease and a range of other cognitive and non-...
The assay of the present invention is an improvement over the assay of Lee et al., avoiding the need for transcription amplification. The present invention provides a more immediate and direct readout. The present invention provides a simpler and more robust assay system than that of Lee et ...