Although hyponatremia can be caused by multiple mechanisms, in HF patients the hyponatremia is most commonly categorized as hypo-osmolal hyponatremia with hypervolemia. The pathogenesis of hyponatremia in HF is due to cardiac dysfunction which results in a reduced glomerular filtration rate and an ...
Hypervolemia: Hyponatremia Associated with Increased Total Body Sodium In hypervolemia, if the total body Na+ is increased more than total body water, there is hyponatremia. This occurs in congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis, all of which are associated with impaired water...
Hypernatremia, an elevated level of sodium in theblood, can occur due to various reasons such asdiarrhea,vomiting,diabetesinsipidus, renal disease, high protein diet, and side effects ofosmotic diuresis. These conditions can lead to a loss of water from the body or an excess of sodium, leadi...
The clinical efficacy of traditional therapies for GC is limited. Due to the insidious onset and rapid progression of gastric cancer, most of the patients were in advanced stage when they were first diagnosed. Chemotherapy is the conventional treatment for advanced gastric cancer (AGC), but the m...
The excess free water reabsorbed can exacerbate the existing hyponatre- mia and induce serious neurological sequelae. In patients with hypervolemic hyponatremia due to CHF, cirrhosis, or nephrosis, saline infusion may worsen the exist- ing hypervolemia. Water restriction with or without concomi-...
Most cases are of the euvolemic type, in which extracellular fluid volume is normal and is often due to the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Hyponatremia can also occur in association with hypervolemia or hypovolemia. Common to all of these circumstances is increased ...
This can be done by knowing the medical history of the patient (use of diuretics, salt-restricted diets), by assessing the volume stats of the patient (clinical signs of hypovolemia or hypervolemia), and by measuring urine osmolality [43]. The diagnosis algorithm in heart failure associated ...
This can be done by knowing the medical history of the patient (use of diuretics, salt-restricted diets), by assessing the volume stats of the patient (clinical signs of hypovolemia or hypervolemia), and by measuring urine osmolality [43]. The diagnosis algorithm in heart failure associated ...
In the cases where the etiology of hyponatremia does not appear to be obviously known, serum osmolality measurements can help to rule out possible non-hypotonic hyponatremia (hyperproteinemia, hyperlipemia, and translocational hyponatremia). We will not discuss non-hypotonic hyponatremia here. In ...
In addition, signs of expansion of the extracellular volume such as edema are not found in patients with water retention due to SIADH or primary polydipsia because more than two thirds of the retained water is accumulated in the cells, and the persistent hypervolemia is prevented by the ...