and to distinguish cells from one another by identifying previously unknown marker molecules on their surfaces. For example, monoclonal antibodies that react withcancerantigens can be used to identify cancer cells in tissue samples. Moreover, if short-lived radioactive atoms are added to these ...
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) molecules are complex glycophospholipids and serve as membrane anchors for tethering many proteins to the cell surface. Attaching GPI to the protein in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is catalyzed by the transmembrane GPI transamidase (GPIT) complex, which is essential...
The QM region contained 106 atoms including link-hydrogen atoms and the side chains (without Cβ) of N15, E48, E49, D111, K116, D178, D238 and H272 and the phosphocholine group of sphingomyelin and Mg2+ ion as well as two water molecules. The PBE0 functional59 and def2-SVP basis...
At this size, the physical, chemical, and biological properties of materials differ in fundamental and potentially useful ways from the properties of individual's atoms and molecules. Its applications advanced very quickly while very little has been done to measure and assess the risks of ...
A steroid compound (referred to as a sterol) has as its foundation a set of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules (see Figure 6b). Although both plants and animals synthesize sterols, the type that makes the most important contribution to human structure and...
For other proteins, interactions or impaired interactions with chaperones, intracellular or extracellular matrixes, other proteins, small molecules and other endogenous factors can induce conformational changes and increase propensity to misfold. Often, misfolding and misfunction originate from point mutation(...
The final room temperature model includes residues 1–285, one estradiol molecule and 127 water molecules. The electron density for estradiol was clearly visible in difference Fourier maps during model building. The structure of estradiol dihydrate, retrieved from the Cambridge database [33], was fit...
The replacement of one to two carbons at the phenyl ring of the 1,4-naphthoquinone core by one to two nitrogen atoms led to an increased oxidant character of the molecules in accordance with both the redox potential values and the substrate efficiencies. Compared to the 1,4-naphthoquinone and...
pathogens and cancers, respectively5. The recognition of these phosphoantigens by Vγ9Vδ2 TCRs depends on butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 (refs.23,24,25,26). Some specific Vγ5Vδ1 TCRs, such as the 9C2 γδ TCR, can recognize glycolipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules6...
split of the product elimination into aRearrangementandDissociation, because the formed propane was still weakly bound to the catalyst. This weak coordination is due to the semi-classical dispersion corrections, which favor non-covalent bonding in isolated species where no explicit solvent molecules stab...