We quantified the number of CSI practices in their annual reports and operationalised the dependent variable using an entropy index to calculate the density and percentage score of CSI. Drawing on Upper Echelons, our analysis revealed that older CEOs are likelier to promote, initiate, and ...
number of years since the sampled businesses were operating (Vorhies et al., 2011), and we operationalised industry type by recording the sectors of these firms and re-coding them into a dummy variable, in which: 0 = a “low-tech” sector and 1 = a “high-tech” sector (Zahra, ...
(Time 2 and Time 3) in a sample of secondary school students. This research looked specifically at behavioural control that involved the provision and enforcement of rules, employing a measure that operationalised the construct in this way (Schludermann & Schludermann, 1988). This encompasses ...
Footnote1 Knowing-how was operationalised through a set of 20 questions taken from Jokinen, Brewster, and Suutari (Citation2008) based upon earlier work by Jokinen (Citation2005). Items included: ‘Knowledge of norms central to my own tasks’; ‘professional/functional knowledge/expertise central ...
We operationalised the conceptual model (Figure 1) by reference to four variables, which concern the GenZers’ link to social media and sustainability. Two focus on the use of social media for pro-environmental and pro-social content (SA and ESC), and two are related to sustainable lifestyl...
Moreover, the ambition seems to be that such research can tell teachers what they should do in order to increase student achievement, operationalised, as mentioned, in terms of measurable learning outcomes (for a recent discussion see Thomas, 2021; see also Biesta, 2007; Davis, 2017; and ...
The income statement model, operationalised by the carefulmatchingof revenues with expenses, was defined and rationalised as early as 1940 by William Paton and A.C. Littleton (1940) in their classic monograph,An Introduction to Corporate Accounting Standards, which ‘easily qualifies as the academi...
Data were recorded in an audit spreadsheet structured to capture the specific best practice variables, described in Table 3. Each variable was operationalised as ‘present’ or ‘not present’ and are shown in Additional file 2. Table 3 Description of best practice variables and timing of collec...
When classifying participants into defined trajectory subgroups, the definitions were operationalised as described in Table2. These definitions were used for generating a subgrouping variable that allowed us to automatically allocate people to the defined subgroups based on their weekly NRS scores of pai...
Although the specific meaning of familiarity may require further specification in future research as it can refer to inferred knowledge about a product not used before and personal prior experience, with the latter being closer to the way we operationalised familiarity (e.g., “This product is ...