European Union (EU) regulations setting CO2 emission standards for light-duty (LDV) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs) require the Commission to monitor in-use fuel consumption (FC) using on-board fuel consumption monitoring (OBFCM) devices. For LDVs, the accuracy to measure fuel consumed is set...
How the EPA Tests and Rates Fuel EconomyRather than take a car or truck out to a test track to measure its city and highway fuel-economy figures, the Environmental Protection Agency tests all new cars and trucks at its inside lab and never even glances at a gas gauge. In this section,...
The steady deterioration of the very climate of this very planet is becoming a war of the first order, and by any measure, the U.S. is losing. Indeed, if America is fighting at all, it’s fighting on the wrong side. The U.S. produces nearly a quarter of the world’s greenhouse ...
How to Measure Economic Growth The most common measure of economic growth isreal GDP. This is the total value of all goods and services produced in an economy, with that value adjusted to remove the effects of inflation. There are three different methods for looking at real GDP. Quarterly gro...
a组织保证措施 The organization guarantees the measure[translate] a这样行吗 Such line[translate] aselected components are connected to protected routes . you can't modify these components 选择的组分连接到被保护的路线。 您不可能修改这些组分[translate] ...
Experimenting pays. It doesn't hurt to study a map of the region you travel daily. Consider the number of stoplights along the way and the extent oftraffic jamsand slowdowns. Use yourodometerto measure the distance covered by each route. ...
Agricultural biodiversity is an important lever to improve resilience and climate change adaptation in addition to food security [52,53]. The indicator proposed here is adapted from the “Shannon diversity index” and provides a measure of crop diversity in relation to economic value, i.e., ...
According to [30], we chose energy intensity, a comprehensive index to measure energy and economy, to categorize the group boundaries (Some articles use geography to divide countries into different groups [32]. However, Lin and Du [30] proved that a country’s technological level has no direc...
Scientists use sophisticated instruments to measure concentrations of harmful substances in the air, but it's tough to say exactly what percentage of air pollution comes from cars. This makes sense, because many other human activities contribute to air pollution as well. In fact, the production of...
the prices move together. The correlation coefficient is measured on a scale of -1 to +1. A measure of +1 indicates a perfect positive correlation between two asset prices, meaning the prices of the assets move together in the same direction to the same degree proportionally all of the ...