Ethanol: Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), used to make drinking spirits, is an antidote for poisoning from methanol and ethylene glycol, toxic types of alcohol used in industries. Ethanol saturates the liver enzyme, alcohol dehydrogenase that breaks down alcohols, and prevents the breakdown of methanol and...
To date, three main plant-based techniques have been used for the expression of a large number of vaccine antigens, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and other biopharmaceuticals in plants. These are (1) stable expression of transgenes in the nuclear genome of transgenic plants or cell culture, (2...
Bioluminescence has been of interest to humankind for thousands of years, as it is visible as the glow of night-time breaking waves in the ocean or the spark of fireflies in the forest. Many authors and philosophers have written about bioluminescence, from Aristotle to Shakespeare, who in Hamle...
DCs to make the transition from the immature to the mature antigen-presenting DC stage, and a concomit- ant failure to produce an array of pro-inflammatory cytokines required for T-cell signalling20,23. This selec- tive loss of DC capabilities contrasted with earlier reports showing that ...
Since the CRISPR/Cas9 and dCas9 systems are always active, modifications to make them inducible are desirable. Once again, the techniques discussed above came to aid. The first inducible CRISPR was a split-Cas9 composed by the C-terminal fragment and N-terminal fragment of Cas9— C...
Sandia National Laboratories researchers have discovered the mechanism to "switch on" iron residing in clay mineral structures, leading to the understanding of how to make iron reactive under oxygen-free conditions.
Various people are attempting to make structural methods 'high throughput'. But this is relative to the current case-by-case approach. If the key components of ion channels that control gating could be isolated in their native configuration, one could envi- sion rapid testing of occupancy of ...
In addition to replicating its full-length genome, the virus has to make lots of proteins. And it knows just how. Those RNA snippets spun off by the viral polymerase are tailored to play by the cell's protein-making rules—well, up to a point. They fit into ribosomes exactly as do ...
The coronavirus pandemic, suspected of originating in bats and pangolins, has brought the risk of viruses that jump from wildlife to humans into stark focus.
Acids are reactive, with even weak acids like vinegar interacting with other materials to wow students. But strong acids can really put on a show. For example, aqua regia, or royal water, is a mixture of two strong acids—hydrochloric and nitric acids - that can dissolve gold, anoble meta...