Under polarizing light microscopy, urate crystals are yellow when aligned parallel to the axis of the red compensator and blue when aligned across the direction of polarization (ie, they exhibit negative birefr
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The Z-scores indicate the standard deviation above or below the population nor- mal by age, sex, weight, and ethnicity and should be used to interpret BMD in pre-menopausal women and men less than age 50. Two standard deviations below the mean are considered below the expected range [151]...