However, treating all factors that differ by exposure status as confounders without considering the structure of their relation to the exposure can introduce bias. For example, conditions affected by the exposure are not confounders. There are also special types of confounding, such as time-varying ...
However, researchers must first identify confounders by carefully reviewing the subject knowledge. Confounders thus found must be accounted for in statistical modeling, even if they do not seem to be statistically correlated with the exposure or the outcome. Consider the association between diabetes and...
Additionally, a post-hoc test was utilized to identify specific group differences following the significant ANOVA results, allowing for a more detailed understanding of how each quartile of the MIND diet and PHDI influenced mental health outcomes. The cut-offs for defining depression, anxiety, and ...
“Research has demonstrated a positive effect on the modulation of OA symptoms through diet and exercise to promote an anti-inflammatory environment. More specifically, omega-3 PUFAs have demonstrated a reduction in inflammatory biomarkers and cartilage degradation, counteracting the natural disease state ...
Accord- ingly, the central nervous system is equipped with several sensing mechanisms to identify stress, as well as processes to respond to stressful signals and be modified by them. Cognitive brain networks, including those centered on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex regions involved in ...
Researchers constituted the main review team and stakeholders were consulted when needed, to obtain their advice and opinions. Objectives of the review The main objectives of this review were: (1) to identify Interventions and (2) to assess their effectiveness to reduce the dissemination of ATBR ...
17. To identify the race/ethnicity of the Member of Congress we use Daily KOS’ Guide to the 117th Congress. We code mixed race individuals in both categories. For example, Bobby Scott (D-VA) who is both Black and Filipino is coded as being both Black and Asian American. We arrive at...
What outcomes are of interest? The outcomes to be assessed vary with the child’s age (Additional file 1: Table S1). The emphasis is to identify relevant areas, from both the child’s and the family’s perspective, and how these might vary in importance at particular ages. ...
根据文章第一段In a study published in Nature Machine Intelligence, researchers at Ohio State University show how artificial intelligence (AI) can follow clinical trials to identify drugs for repurposing,a solution that can help advance innovative treatments. (在《自然机器智能》杂志上...
“Have you had too little energy to do the things you wanted to do in the last month?” is used to identify fatigue. A positive response is coded as 1, while a negative response is coded as 0. “How has your appetite been?” explores the weight loss criteria, defined by reporting a...