However, treating all factors that differ by exposure status as confounders without considering the structure of their relation to the exposure can introduce bias. For example, conditions affected by the exposure are not confounders. There are also special types of confounding, such as time-varying ...
Accordingly, literature was reviewed to examine whether the programme theory (Fig. 1) was born out by evidence, and to identify knowledge gaps where evidence was weak. Where there was conflicting evidence on a given component, we explored contextual and scheme design differences that may account ...
A critical summary of research on a topic of interest, generally prepared to put a research problem in context or to identify gaps and weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify a new investigation. Be sure to: Be thorough and complete Present a logical case Include recent research as just...
However, researchers must first identify confounders by carefully reviewing the subject knowledge. Confounders thus found must be accounted for in statistical modeling, even if they do not seem to be statistically correlated with the exposure or the outcome. Consider the association between diabetes and...
In order to avoid the unforeseen negative effect for better decision making, it is important to identify the effect of geopolitical uncertainty on the overseas investment of China's energy firms. The South China Sea is a semi-enclosed sea located in the Indian Pacific region, stretching south ...
Accord- ingly, the central nervous system is equipped with several sensing mechanisms to identify stress, as well as processes to respond to stressful signals and be modified by them. Cognitive brain networks, including those centered on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex regions involved in ...
It would also be beneficial to expand this survey to other countries affected by the CoLC globally – to identify the impacts and disparities across nations, build further understanding as to why these occur and develop strategies to mitigate the negative impact. It would also be interesting to ...
Additionally, a post-hoc test was utilized to identify specific group differences following the significant ANOVA results, allowing for a more detailed understanding of how each quartile of the MIND diet and PHDI influenced mental health outcomes. The cut-offs for defining depression, anxiety, and ...
There have been numerous attempts to identify and describe dimensions of a firm's environment (e.g., Child, 1972; Jurkovich, 1974; Mintzberg, 1979; Pfeffer and Salancik, 1977; Starbuck, 1976). Despite several differences, there seems to be a loose consensus on a trio of environmental dimens...
contained people who went on to become carers in the future but were not currently carers at some timepoints—we believe this is appropriate given that carers often take a number of years to identify as carers [25] and so there may be a delay in carers responding “Yes” to this ...