Variance inflation factor (VIF) is one of the most common techniques for detecting multicollinearity. In simple terms, it gives a numerical value that indicates how much the variance of a regression coefficient is inflated due to multicollinearity. A VIF value greater than 5 indicates moderate multi...
If you remain unsure about which local model, GWR or MGWR, to apply to your data, begin with MGWR. When MGWR runs, it also performs GWR under specific settings. In the geoprocessing messages, you can find the GWR diagnostics and compare them to the diagnostics from MGWR...
If you can find legitimate predictors, that can work in some cases. However, for every study area there is an inherent amount of unexplainable variability. For instance, studies that attempt to predict human behavior generally have R-squared values less than 50%. People are hard to predict. Y...
A search string was developed to find relevant articles in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar (provided assupplementary material). After conducting database searches, titles and abstracts of the records were exported to the software Covidence (https://www.covidence.org/) for remo...
A search string was developed to find relevant articles in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Google Scholar (provided assupplementary material). After conducting database searches, titles and abstracts of the records were exported to the software Covidence (https://www.covidence.org/) for remo...
When “low” levels of collinearity are present in 𝑋, we use the set of 𝑘 values of Hoerl, Kennard and Baldwin (HKB) to estimate 𝑏; otherwise, we use the set of 𝑘 values of Lawless and Wang (LW) to estimate 𝑏. With high probability, this simple algorithm will find more...
To solve for 𝑏 when 𝑝>𝑛, the Elastic Net (EN) was proposed in 2005 by Zou and Hastie [21]. The EN was hypothesized to be “like a stretchable fishing net that retains ‘all the big fish’” and uses both the Lasso and RR to find 𝑏. The EN is represented as the solut...
The regression analysis models were validated using VIF and tolerance statistics. The tolerance varied between 0.43 and 0.93, and VIF ranged from 1.08 to 2.33. These values are within the acceptable tolerance (≥ 0.2) and VIF (≤ 5) thresholds; therefore, it was concluded that the developed ...