lumen (low) and the kidney’s interstitium (high), itself rendered possible by the corticopapillary gradient. [23]. AVP plays a vital part in sustaining this osmotic drive by enhancing the number of sodium channels (ENac), thus promoting sodium reabsorption in the cortical and outer medulla [...
How- ever, the so-called "leaky gut" (increased intestinal permea- bility) might facilitate the transfer of potentially pathogenic members of the microbiota (i.e. "pathobionts"), metabo- lites, toxins or lipopolysaccharides from the gut lumen to the lamina propria and on to the mesenteric ...
The inner firm layer, close to the epithelium, is more viscoelastic, and physiologically sterile, while the outer loose layer towards the GI lumen is less viscoelastic, and easily removed by suction (Atuma et al., 2001; Hansson and Johansson, 2010). Under normal physiological conditions, the ...
In the intestine, these bacteria may be phagocytosed directly by mucosal DC/macrophages spreading extensions into the gut lumen or after M cell-mediated transcytosis at the Peyer's patches [225]. After phagocytosis, plasmid DNA is released from phagolysosome, and the numerous bacteria-associated ...