In notation, a functional is written as I[u(x)], where I is a unique scalar value for each function u(x). For example: [1]. The integrand F(x, u, u′, u′′) dx includes the function u and its derivatives. 2. General Mathematics ...
1] (Huebner et al., 2001). They provide an alternative way of representing cubic curves, allowing the curve to be defined in terms of endpoints and derivatives at those endpoints (Buss, 2003).