You compute the value of the penalty by multiplying the replacement cost ($500,000) with the multiplier, 0.25 (1 – 0.75). So by violating the coinsurance clause, you are not only unable to receive the full replacement cost, but you also have to pay a hefty penalty. ...
The ratio of extracellular enzymes to microbial biomass (specific enzyme activity) can be used to indicate the C-turnover efficiency of the soil microbial community, and a low specific enzyme activity can retard the mineralization of native SOC32. Here, the ratio of enzyme activity-to-microbial ...
Alternatively, you could compute the amount required today by realizing that the present value of a 4-year annuity due commencing at the end of 5 years is equal to the value of a 9-year annuity due commencing today less the value of a 5-year annuity due commencing today. Appendix K Addi...