1. Determine what atom you want to use for calculating the ionization energy. Identify the value of "Z" for the atom using a periodic table. (Another name for the number Z is the atomic number.) The value for Z appears above the symbol for the atom. For example, Z equals 1 for hyd...
Radiation is the emission and transmission of energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles. Radiation can be ionizing or nonionizing radiation, and only ionizing radiation has enough energy to potentially cause damage to cells and DNA. Sources of radiation include natural phenomena like ...
The surface leakage current is present because the surface of the insulation is contaminated with moisture or salts. The current is constant with time and depends on the degree of ionization present, which is itself dependent on temperature. It is often ignored as a separate current, being includ...
A formula to calculate the conventional radiocarbon age (CRA) of a given sample is by carbon-14 dating is: t = [ ln (Nf/No) / (-0.693) ] x t1/2 where: ln is the natural logarithm Nf/No is the percent of carbon-14 in the sample compared to the amount in living tissue t1/2...
The degree of dissociation can be expressed using the acid dissociation constant (Ka) which also describes the strength of acids. The higher the value of Ka, the stronger the acid.Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock this answer! Create your account View this answer...
When heat is supplied to a substance, generally its temperature increases. However, many times the phase of the material changes, and the temperature remains constant in that case, even when heat is supplied.Answer and Explanation: Become a Study.com member to unlock...
Additionally, the Lorentz force equation can be used to calculate the deflection of a plasma jet by a magnetic field, taking into consideration factors such as electric fields and self-induced magnetic fields. The kinetic energy density of the plasma must overcome the magnetic energy density of ...
The hydrogen-like electron orbitals of constituting condensed matter atoms are used to calculate the matrix elements of the secular equation determining the condensed matter electronic structure in the linear-combination-of-atomic-orbitals (LCAO) approach. Preliminary test calculations are conducted for ...
The log Q1−6 coefficients were then used to back-calculate the log βi values by Equations (12)–(17), the differences of which yielded the stepwise log Ki constants listed in Table 1. The resulting macroconstants, quality of fit and even the residual distributions coincide for the ED-...
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