Latitude and longitude coordinates were used to calculate 1,351,406 physical distances considering Earth’s curvature among all 1163 institutions in our analytic sample. After excluding self-relations (i.e., \(i - i\)) and loops (i.e., only \(i - j\) counts, whereas \(j - i\) doe...
We applied three newly established yield tables together with allometric biomass functions, turnover of leaves, (fine and coarse) roots, and branches to calculate net primary production (NPP). We then estimated heterotrophic respiration (Rh) using a number of empirical relationships [54]. Finally,...
tonsa production in summer is 180.7–199.4 mg m−2 day−1, assuming an average depth of 3 m [20]. In summer, copepod nauplii and A. tonsa adults together could graze approximately half (205.6 mg C m−2 d−1) of the in situ primary production [27]. Chesapeake Bay gelatino...
China's CO2 emissions per capita stands at seven tons of CO2 equivalent, compared with the global average of 6.4 tons [1]. Therefore, the Chinese government is prioritizing the development of sustainable green economy and energy conservation and ecological industry development. Why is China's ...
This in turn probably depends on the fact that car owners only calculate the cost of fuel and not the full cost of running a car when they reflect on the cost for a journey by car. They certainly do not consider the social cost (i.e., costs of congestion, noise, air pollution and ...
Calculate the covariance matrix of matrix Y, and calculate the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the covariance matrix. Each eigenvalue, λi, corresponds to one eigenvector, νi. 3. The eigenvalues are sorted in descending order, and the top m of them are selected, which should meet the ...
The results within the same series of standard light sources were compared by analyzing the average color difference. An interpolation figure was constructed to determine how luminosity and CCT affect visual experience and to calculate the equal color difference line to understand its relation. The ...
The unique effect is measured as the average increase in model fit across all models that contain the predictor of interest compared with the models without it. If the predictor has a high independent effect, the increase should be substantial, and vice versa. The averaging should alleviate the...