Answer to: How do you calculate the value of producer surplus, consumer surplus, and gains from trade, when the market is in equilibrium? By...
At the same time, the continuous improvement of hardware facilities, such as through infrastructure and platform construction, can help attract highly efficient enterprises and high-quality talent, which in turn can enhance labor productivity. Since cities generally have both government and industry ...
Ideally, each SOC would map to a unique ISCO, so that we could simply calculate the ISCO share as a weighted average of SOC shares, using the SOCs' US employment counts as the weights. However, given the many-to-many mapping, this approach would put disproportionate weight on those SOCs ...
Apart from labor economics, the own-wage elasticity of labor demand plays also a key role in many other subfields. Regarding public finance, wage elasticities of labor demand govern the incidence of payroll taxes (Harberger1971; Brittain1971). Specifically, increased responsiveness of firms to wage ...
In particular, we calculate the expected values of I1 and I2 at steady state (E[I1] and E[I2]), resulting from all viable policies for different combinations of α and β values (see Fig. 5). Fig. 5 Expected values of infrastructure states for I1 and I2 (E[I1] and E[I2])...
Step 5. Calculate the DTA level. $$DT{A}_{i}=\mathop{\sum }\limits_{j=1}^{n}{w}_{i}{x}_{ij}^{\ast }$$ (11) The DTA level in each province in China can be calculated via the entropy weight method. Figure3visually and graphically illustrates the level of DTA in China by...
The paper uses the CCR model in MaxDEA 8 to calculate the regional innovation efficiency of 30 provincial-level administrative regions across the country from 2008 to 2018. Table 3 Innovation efficiency of China’s provincial-level administrative regions Full size table Analysis of Tobit empirical ...
Accordingly, it is necessary to calculate the indicators of efficiency (human productivity, fixed capital productivity, material productivity), capital-labor ratio, profitability (Return on Equity, Return on Assets, Return on Investment Capital, Return on Labour, Return on Sale, Return on Production,...
The model consists of flows that are quantified to calculate material balances, a feed balance, a labor balance and an economic balance on an annual basis. The flows can be used to assess the environmental performance of a farm (i.e. land use diversity, nutrient losses and soil organic ...
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