However, because many states calculate taxes based on federal adjusted gross income, these students might find that their treaty benefits don’t carry over to their state returns. This discrepancy can result in
conditionality per se. Specifically, we utilize a compound instrumental variable design over a system of three equations to address sources of endogeneity related to, first, the IMF participation decision and, second, the conditions included within the program. In Monte Carlo simulations, we demonstrat...
Knight Frank Research, Douglas Elliman, Ken Corporation Exchange rates calculated as at 31 December 2020 Each year, we select 20 prime city markets and calculate, based on typical luxury residential values and the exchange rate at the end of 2020, how many square metres US$1 million will buy...