We take the x(t) shown in black in a, with a slope of unity so that y=x, generate many sets of {\hat{x}}_{i}(t) and {\hat{y}}_{i}(t) by adding noise either to y or x, and calculate the distribution of estimated slopes. a Red shows an example with noise in y of ...
Should mitigation measures be deployed, the amount of CO2to sequester via DACCS would depend on the mitigation scope and be lower for the fleet relying on syn-jet fuel (Figs.2gand3g). Regardless of the fuel, achieving climate-neutrality from 2050 onwards implies an important removal in the fi...
(2002) to calculate the geoeffective magnetospheric distance (GMD) in the shock propagation direction as a function of shock impact angle and speed for each event. GMD is a generalization of the geoeffective magnetosphere length (GML) suggested by Takeuchi et al. (2002), defined from the sub...
The Beijing climate center climate system model (BCC-CSM): the main progress from CMIP5 to CMIP6. Geosci Model Dev. 2019;12(4):1573–600. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1573-2019. Article Google Scholar O'Neill BC, Kriegler E, Riahi K, Ebi KL, Hallegatte S, Carter TR, et al...
Finally, we calculate properties of the neural network’s bottleneck. We illustrate with numerical simulations of the spin glass, whose learning has been detected with work absorption10. Our methods generalize to other platforms, however. This machine-learning toolkit offers three advantages. 1. ...
The change in d/yr between the future decade and the historical decade is referred to as “change signal” in this research. To calculate a robust climate change signal, averaging over a time period of 20– 30 years in the future as well as over a 20 –30 years historical time period ...
Given these, our model allows us to accurately calculate DW (as the standard measure of body size for mobulid rays) using the more accurate CW and DL measurements. We estimate that the smallest mature M. alfredi of each sex we measured were 274.8 cm (males, n = 30) and 323.5 cm DW...
Soil samples were oven-dried at 105 ◦C to a constant weight to calculate the gravimetric water content. In 2014, we only sampled at the V6 stage, but in 2015, we increased the sampling frequency to include V4. However, at the V6 stage in 2015 (10 Jun for PM, and 3 Jul for CK...