How are they used to calculate accounting profit and economic profit? Give an example of an implicit cost, and explain why (or why not) the cost needs to be considered. Provide an example of an implicit cost (this is closely related to opportunity cost)....
Opportunity Cost | Definition, Calculation & Examples from Chapter 1 / Lesson 6 234K Learn what is opportunity cost, including the opportunity cost definition, assessment and examples. See how to calculate opportunity cost using the ...
First, we calculate the frequency of climate change bigrams in the transcripts of managerial presentations for both the target corpus and the control corpus. We then calculate the keyness statistic (the log-likelihood ratio, G2) for each climate change bigram to quantify its relative importance in...
Using a sample of commercial bank–year observations covering 104 countries over the 1999–2017 period, we consider five contemporary de jure and de facto indicators of financial liberalization to provide a comparative assessment of their impact on bank cost efficiency. With the sole exception of one...
In this code, you use sum() to calculate the sum of the array. Since there is no equal sign with a variable name on the left, MATLAB assigns the output from sum() to ans. You can then use that variable in further calculations, as you do here by adding 10 to the last result. ...
and WW index are commonly used to measure enterprise financing constraints in the existing literature. This paper uses the method of Hadlock and Pierce (2010) for reference and uses the SA index to calculate the financing constraints of enterprises, as shown in Eq. (6). The larger the SA in...
Although there is notable divergence in the literature in relation to methodologies [37,38,39], studies tend to calculate the biogenic carbon, especially in building products that have a longer service life, and consider dynamic aspects [40,41]. The integration of LCA and BIM also shows good ...
Furthermore, following Fubini [43,44], we can use an iterated integral approach to calculate the average hit rate in Table 3. For example, if the regression equation for the regressand Pr h i t H K B is denoted by f ρ , r 2 , say, then: A v e r a g e v a l u e o...
A crucial concept in economics is themultiplier effect, especially in the context of fiscal policy. It refers to the magnified impact that a change in government spending, taxation, or investment has on overall economic activity. The effect operates through a series of interconnected spending and i...
The prisoner's dilemma is frequently used ineconomics or businesssituations to explain why individual incentives might lead actors to choose a sub-optimal outcome. Examples of the Prisoner's Dilemma The economy is replete with examples of prisoner’s dilemmas which can have outcomes that are either...