Unfortunately, just the most fundamental measures, that serve as basis for higher measures, are the hardest to calculate, as shown in the next section. 1.4. Hierarchy of measures The hierarchy diagram (Fig. 2)
Betweenness centrality assesses how often a node v is positioned along the shortest path connecting two other nodes i and j in the network. This measure was introduced by Freeman et al. [58], but over the years it has been revisited and supplemented with other variables to adapt it to ...
Latitude and longitude coordinates were used to calculate 1,351,406 physical distances considering Earth’s curvature among all 1163 institutions in our analytic sample. After excluding self-relations (i.e., \(i - i\)) and loops (i.e., only \(i - j\) counts, whereas \(j - i\) doe...
Betweenness centrality is a measure, initially defined by Freeman (1977), which is an attempt to capture such potential control over communication. Specifically, betweenness centrality measures how many shortest paths (between other nodes) a given node lies on. Formally, for a node i the ...
To provide greater clarity, several exemplars of network metrics are provided (e.g., degree of centrality, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, closeness centrality, and PageRank), along with a sample table of publication ranking that can be curated across different centrality measures (...
Our beliefs and opinions are shaped by others, making our social networks crucial in determining what we believe to be true. Sometimes this is for the good
The next transformation was to convert the exchanges into a format that would allow them to have a binary value. This was necessary for two reasons: first, to make it easier to load the interactions into Neo4j, and second, to easily calculate the cumulative sum values for the different ...
The next transformation was to convert the exchanges into a format that would allow them to have a binary value. This was necessary for two reasons: first, to make it easier to load the interactions into Neo4j, and second, to easily calculate the cumulative sum values for the different ...
By adopting four economic methods to calculate GEP, we can only represent the results of the influence of the region, market, and other aspects within the time range of the study. Due to differences in the selection of indicators and evaluation methods, the total value of GEP in this study...