A beryllium-7 atom captures an electron to become lithium-7 atom (three protons and four neutrons) and a neutrino. The lithium-7 combines with a proton to form two helium-4 atoms. The helium-4 atoms are less massive than the two hydrogen atoms that started the process, so the differ...
A helium-3 atom and a helium-4 atom combine to form a beryllium-7 (four protons and three neutrons) and a gamma ray. A beryllium-7 atom captures an electron to become lithium-7 atom (three protons and four neutrons) and a neutrino. The lithium-7 combines with a proton to form two ...
Electrons have very little mass compared to protons and neutrons, and they move very fast in their orbits. The orbits are not circular paths, but rather regions of space where the electrons are most likely to be found. These regions are called orbitals or subshells, and they have different ...
Since all three types of cars have many of the same components (tires,transmissions, et cetera), we'll ignore that part of the car and compare efficiencies up to the point where mechanical power is generated. Let's start with the fuel cell car. (All of these efficiencies are approximations...
So let’s think further back. The first long-lived matter particles of any kind were protons and neutrons, which together make up the atomic nucleus. These came into existence around one ten-thousandth of a second after the Big Bang. Before that point, there was really no material in any...
Why a proton and electron have the same charge Why a positron and proton have the same charge, though the proton is so much larger. Why the missing anti matter is in the protons and neutrons. Why neutrons could form from protons + electrons, or anti protons and positrons...
One might anticipate that, if so tiny an atom as helium can have as many as two extra neutrons and remain stable, surely larger atoms with considerably more protons should be able to vary by many more than two neutrons. Is this a valid supposition? Not really. Even very large atoms have...
“Lithium-ion batteries, generally found in laptop computers and power tools, have greatly improved over the past few years,” says Peter Roth, lead researcher for Sandia’s FreedomCAR battery efforts. “In fact, they have improved so much that we expect to see them in hybrids later this yea...
As we have shown, neutrons excel at showing where the hydrogen is located (diffraction, imaging) and what is it doing (spectroscopy). For many catalytic processes neutrons are already used; the current range of applications can only grow if Net Zero is to be achieved. Figure 15. Estimated ...
Many of these conditions are where stainless steel fails and does not have sufficient strength. This aspect of titanium has made it one of the most dependable metals on the market. Titanium tubing, known for its lightweight and strength, is ideal for applications where weight is a critical ...