The steel is heated to a temperature that causes it to austenize (the iron and carbon molecules begin to mix). The steel is removed from the forge and air-cooled. This reduces the stress caused by irregularities in the composition of the blade and ensures that the grain is uniform through...
How is water a molecule and a compound? What two elements combine to form organic chemistry? How are chemical elements discovered? What kind of elements form ionic compounds? What is the difference between elements, molecules, and compounds? What are atoms and elements, and how do they differ...
Amphenicols comprise a series of molecules with a monocyclic core. The first molecule of this class was chloramphenicol isolated fromStreptomyces venezuelae. However, chloramphenicol produced serious side effects and, therefore, it was replaced by synthetic analogues. Thiamphenicol is a chloramphenicol deri...
In contrast, oligotrophic/k-selected bacteria (e.g., Actinobacteria and Firmicutes) and most of the fungal phyla (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota) are more competitive in systems dominated by complex molecules or low-quality litter characterized by low N concentrations, high C/N ratios,...
With its internal layers of water and counter ions, we also compare the operations of green rust to a slow ramjet. This green rust ‘ramjet’ is driven by steep gradients in protons, electrons, anions and uncharged molecules, through the hydrous interlayers from either side of the mineral ...
How could you explain to them why cellular respiration involves so many molecules and steps based on how life obeys and exploits the Laws of Thermodynamics? a. What are redox reactions? b. What are the three processes that comprise cellular respiration and what...
water, sugars and hormones and other small signalling molecules throughout the plant. Recent genetic and molecular studies have identified interconnections among some of the major signalling networks that regulate plant vascular development. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model system, these studies ...
Diets high in trans fats (most are fats that are made by an industrial process that adds hydrogen to processed foods), saturated fats (types of fat that contain a high level of fatty acid molecules without double bonds), and cholesterol ...
Praefcke GJ, McMahon HT (2004) The dynamin superfamily: universal membrane tubulation and fission molecules? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5:133–147 Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar Prasad TK, Stewart CR (1992) cDNA clones encoding Arabidopsis thaliana and Zea mays mitochondrial chaperonin HSP60 ...
While the true extent of microbially derived metabolites that shape the gut-immune axis remains to be elucidated, a comparatively small but diverse range of such molecules has been identified and keenly studied over the past two decades. These can broadly be grouped into three categories: (1) me...