measured by factors such as GDP per capita. Domestic industries in some countries may be endangered due to the comparative orabsolute advantageof other countries in specific industries. Another concern is the overuse of natural resources
Ruhl KJ. 2015. How Well Is US Intrafirm Trade Measured? American Economic Review 105(5): 524-529. Scherer F. 1980. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance (2nd ed.). Rand McNally: Chicago.Ruhl, Kim J, "How Well is US Intrafirm Trade Measured?," American Economic Review: ...
Eventually, we obtained the CPU index for China and took the logarithmic value, which is denoted as lnCPU. 4.2. Dependent Variable Referring to the literature [20,56], we measured the GI level by taking the natural logarithm of the number of green invention patents granted (IPG) plus one ...
External openness (𝐹𝐷𝐼FDI) is inscribed by the logarithm of the amount of foreign direct investment; GDP per capita (𝐿𝑛𝑝𝑔𝑑𝑝Lnpgdp) is measured by the logarithm of GDP per capita at the city level; and industrial structure (𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑦Industry) is ...
The most basic trades are long and short trades, with the price changes measured inpips, points, and ticks. In a long trade, the trader bets that the currency price will increase and expects to sell their position at a higher price. A short trade, conversely, is a bet that the currency...
The correlation between the time series of transactions-based proxies and the benchmark measures of liquidity provides a global measure of dependence. However, it is conceivable that a proxy measure that fits the benchmark well in times of high liquidity (i.e. in times of low bid-ask spreads...
Sugar: Used to sweeten food and beverages, as well as in ethanol production. The global sugar trade is a controversial one with several battles for ‘sugar power’ over the course of history.India,Thailand, China, the US,Pakistan, andRussiaproduce and export the highest volumes of sugar today...
How Fair is Fair Trade?1 Robbert Maseland Albert de Vaal University of Nijmegen SOM-theme C Coordination and growth in economics Abstract This paper investigates to what extent fair trade programmes, are indeed ‘fair’. This is accomplished by comparing fair trade with free trade and protectioni...
Certain pairs allow the fee to be calculated based on the trade’s base currency, which can be specified when ordering using the Fee Currency option. User fee volume levels are measured using the equivalent market value of the listed “Fee Volume Currency” at the time of the trade. Note ...
Gold may be volatile in the short run, but the yellow metal is often seen as a longer-term store of value. In a 2012 research paper, Campbell Harvey and Claude Erb presented historical evidence that the wage of a Roman centurion as measured in gold was approximately the same as a U.S...