Kernel density estimation (KDE) is used to estimate the overall probability of the exposure value. The KDE uses a Gaussian kernel with Silverman's bandwidth, as implemented in the scipy.stats.gaussian_kde function of the SciPy Python package. Propensity score estimation The Propensity Scor...
Many manufacturers employ a process called constant density to tint the lenses. It is the oldest method of creating sunglasses and involves a glass or polycarbonate mixture with a uniform color throughout the material. The tint is built right into the lenses when they are created. Tinting can ...
Because of its reach and ferocity, COVID-19 has been characterized as a once in a century pandemic; however, it is not the first pandemic of the modern era. SARs, AIDS, Ebola and more have struck across the globe, each presenting a risk topublic healthand limiting how people interact wi...
population density, high housing prices, and income disparities, despite improving urban digital levels and operational efficiency (Chen,2023). The negative correlation between digital city governance and the life satisfaction of older adults also implies that while we pursue the digitalization of ...
Auroras tell us many things about Earth's upper atmosphere, including its density, composition, flow speeds, and the strength of electrical currents flowing in the upper atmosphere. These in turn tell us about the Earth's magnetic field, how it extends into space, and how it changes dynamicall...
But there might be a less dramatic reason than polar ice melting for the higher ocean level -- the higher temperature of the water. Water is most dense at 4 degrees Celsius. Above and below this temperature, the density of water decreases (the same weight of water occupies a bigger space...
Conversion from CO2 mass to FC is done according to equation (1). As shown in Table 2, for all HDVs OBD FC was recorded. For 5 vehicles the OBD reported volumetric FC (l/h) and conversion to gravimetric FC was necessary using the temperature-dependent density of fuel used during the ...
Out of all 184 countries in our sample, 3 and 39 did not implement ban on high-risk regions and total border closure, respectively, before the end of the sample period, and are thus (right) censored (Fig. 1); i.e., nothing is observed or known about that subject and event after ...
(e.g. age structure, density, percentage of foreigners) affect the performance of a local authority in the provision of services. Consequently, neglecting such background variables can lead to biased estimations. Specifically, since local government provides services according to the socio-economic ...
health disparities for the community. They live separately from the dominant majority, either in their own villages or in predominantly Arabic-speaking neighborhoods. Their living conditions are characterized by high-density housing and are situated at the bottom of Israel’s socio-economic scale with...