and the degree to which an organism is pathogenic is calledvirulence. Virulence is a continuum. On one end of the spectrum are organisms that are avirulent (not harmful) and on the other are organisms that are highly virulent. Highly virulent pathogens will almost always lead to a disease st...
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) is a concern with exposure to parturient cats, cattle, sheep, or goats; Francisella tularensis is a concern with rabbit exposure; hantavirus with exposure to mice droppings in endemic areas; Chlamydia psittaci with exposure to turkeys or infected birds; and ...
How does a fever help the immune system? How fast do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? How is human evolution affected by pathogens? What kills scabies eggs? How does cholera spread? Do killer T-cells kill bacteria? How do viruses cause disease? How did Ignaz Semmelweis discover antise...
What is basically a prokaryotic version of an adaptive immune system? How does the immune system trigger inflammation? How does a fever help the immune system? How often does the innate immune system stop an infection? How do macrophages find pathogens? How are archaeans most similar to bacteri...
A detailed literature search has been conducted on PubMed for collecting information pertaining to the COVID-19; the history, origin, key structural features, and mechanism of infection of SARS-CoV-2; the repurposed drugs in use for the management of COVID-19, and the anti-inflammatory role...
hepatitis B virus (HBV) with probably 280,000 additional unrecognized infections [4]. Epidemiological observations in the first half of the last century pointed to at least two types of sub-cellular pathogens: Type A mainly affected children, was spread at often epidemic levels via food or ...
There are also some data to suggest that activated microglia inhibit GABAergic neurotransmission, but perhaps counterintuitively this action would appear to have a neuroprotective effect (Chen et al.2014). It is also noteworthy that this would appear to be contrary to the effects of systemic inflam...
Suppose you are walking out in the yard barefoot and step on a nail. What happens in regards to your immune response? What role does phagocytosis play? How could the fever response deactivate the proteins that pathogens use to infect us? Explain in detail, wh...
Summarize in a paragraph. Explain why so few new antibiotics have been developed in the last 15 years. Explain how harmful bacteria can become genetically resistant to antibiotics. How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics? Briefly explain how antibiotics inhibit bacterial enzymes. ...
Vaccines are not adequate in preventing the spread of many viral infections in the ICU Vaccination is possible to prevent infections with some viruses: influenza A and B viruses, HBV, varicella-zoster virus, Yellow fever virus and poliovirus. However vac- cines are not available for major viral...