This paper addresses indications of global climate warming as measured using tree rings, ice cores, coral and frozen lake sediments. Tree rings indicate availability of water, temperature, and light. Ice core annual accretion convey similar information regarding paleotemperature and paleoclimate in the ...
Scientists generally use a more sensible criteria these days, though it's based mostly on subjective assessment. If the volcano is erupting or demonstrating activity in the form of earthquakes or gaseous emissions, it is considered active. If the volcano is not showing any signs of activity, ...
Scientists at the Kinetic Chemicals plant, a subsidiary of DuPont, were searching for a less toxic chemical to use as a new refrigerant. An Ohio-born scientist named Roy Plunkett was part of this research team. In 1938, he set up a mixture meant to produce tetrafluoroethylene gas and left...
Although SNR is routinely in use to quantify the clarity or strength of electrical signals, it can also apply to any form of signal (transmission). For example, it is in use to describe isotope levels in ice cores, biochemical signaling between cells, or audio sound clarity for c...
Once computer scientists had figured out the basic idea of parallel processing, it made sense to add more and more processors: why have a computer with two or three processors when you can have one with hundreds or even thousands? Since the 1990s, supercomputers have routinely used many ...
(How do scientists know? They analyze pockets of air trapped in ice cores. Then they determine the age of the core by counting layers of ice deposition, much like counting tree rings.) So much warming is built into the atmosphere already that the planet will heat up another half degree ...
At the heart of this challenge is the prodigious use of fertilizers and a growing global population’s increasing demand for meat. Asearth,climateandatmosphericscientists, we track global greenhouse gas emissions and just published themost comprehensive assessment yetof a powerful greenhouse gas from ...
Over the past 810,000 years (you’re too young to remember), global temperature reconstructed by Jouzel et al. (2007) from Greenland ice cores has varied by little more than your thermostat at home allows when the heating is on. That is how near-perfectly thermostatic the climate i...
There are two ways of working out the value ofclimate sensitivity, used in combination. One involves modelling, the other calculates the figure directly from physical evidence, by looking atclimate changes in the distant past, as recorded for example in ice-cores, in marine sediments and numerous...
But collisions do tend to distort a galaxy's shape. Computer models show that collisions between spiral galaxies tend to make elliptical ones (so, spiral galaxies probably haven't been involved in any collisions). Scientists estimate that as many as half of all galaxies have been involved in ...