polymers containing ester or amide linkages, like polyesters and polyamides, are susceptible to hydrolysis. In hydrolysis, water molecules react with the polymer chains, leading to their fragmentation.
How Do Polymers Degrade? Image Credit: Designua/Shutterstock.com The wafers are then placed in a second furnace at a higher temperature (about 1300oC) to "drive in" the additive atoms. The drive-in operation is often carried out in an oxidizing environment, resulting in the formation of a...
Richard G. BurnsSpringer Berlin HeidelbergBurns, R.G. (2010) How do microbial extracellular enzymes locate and degrade natural and synthetic polymers in soil. In Molecular Environmental Soil Science at the Inter- faces in the Earth's Critical Zone. Xu, J., and Huang, P.M. (eds). Berlin,...
Aluminium chloride can both degrade and stabilize PVC: but how does it do it?doi:10.1016/s0306-3747(97)89806-5ELSEVIERAdditives for Polymers
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As they do with all types of apparel, consumers inevitably discard their polyester garments. Unlike biodegradable fibers like wool, cotton, or silk, however, polyester does not naturally degrade in the environment. While it’s impossible to know exactly how long polyester will remain in the Earth...
The evolution of the plastic bottle from amazing to scourge of land and sea has played out inside of a generation.
Inspired by recent studies on inverse design of polymers and inorganic solids23,24,25, as well as on using machine learning to understand PSCs’ properties26,27,28, we present a machine-learning framework to investigate LD organic-inorganic perovskites serving as a capping layer for MAPbI3. We...
Currently, a vast effort is ongoing toredesign all these tools for biomedical and biotechnological applications.However, recent studies have envisioned the possibility of using CRISPR-Casnucleases in bioengineering of smart materials, for example hydrogels These water-filled polymers are encapsulatedby DNA...
But heat exchangers can also be made of ceramics, composites (based on either metals or ceramics), and even plastics (polymers).All these materials have their advantages. Ceramics are a particularly good choice for the kind of high-temperature applications (over 1000°C or 2000°F) that would...