From there, each hormone needs to locate a set of target cells in order to bring about a specific change. To find its targets, it’s helped along by receptors, which are special proteins inside or on the cell’s
Cells (levelL) produce (cause\(^L C_p\)) two hormones (blue and yellow shading) in response to their relative position (positional information\(^{L+1} I_p\)), thereby creating gradients in hormone level (emergence = upward causation). This in turn is sensed by the cells (perception:...
receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCK), such as BIK1, and a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO), Ca2+ influx, defence gene expression, callose deposition at the plant cell wall and production of plant hormones ...
TheDawn phenomenonis called this because the liver clears away insulin more efficiently first thing in the morning compared to other times of the day. At the same time growth hormones and sex hormones are manufactured during the night and these make cells less sensitive to the action of insulin ...
Researchers found that sad songs induced a biochemical response in empathetic listeners, triggering beneficial hormones. There are also psychological benefits from being able to relate to a song’s message. “Most people can’t express their feelings, so a good love song has to make them say, ...
(RLR) family, which recognise and activate in response to the presence of viral RNA in the cytoplasm. Those interested in more details of these receptors and their role in the immune response are invited to consult the work of [185]. From the perspective of this paper, however, the major...