The second messenger response describes a process used by peptide hormones, which cannot diffuse across the plasma membrane of the cell. Peptide hormones bind to their receptors on the surface of the plasma cell membrane. The hormone binding initiates...
How do hormones find their target? Hormones travel throughout the body, either in the blood stream or in the fluid around cells, looking for target cells. Once hormones find a target cell, they bind with specificprotein receptorsinside or on the surface of the cell and specifically change the...
FSH binds to its G protein-coupled receptor, which stimulates the cAMP/PKA pathway resulting in the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB), which in turn interacts with cAMP response element (CRE) in the promoter region of target genes regulating their gene expression...
The reverse T3 (rT3) test measures how much of the active free T3 hormone is able to bind at thyroid receptors. RT3 is produced in stressful situations and binds to thyroid receptors, but turns them off instead of activating them. (Stress is a common cause of low T4 to T3 conversion. U...
How do these drugs work? Ozempic and Wegovy both contain semaglutide, a GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) receptor agonist. Semaglutide binds to GLP-1 receptors and stimulates insulin release from the pancreas when needed. It helps with weight loss by slowing down how fast food travels through ...
binds to the hydrophobic pocket of many proteins (protein hypothesis of general anaesthesia, Franks and Lieb1984). Later, it has been found that also other enzymes are sensitive to anaesthetics, whereas some proteins are sensitive only to certain anaesthetics. For example, the GABAAreceptors, which...
These enzymes act as a rheostat to fine-tune protein function in response to a plethora of stimuli from nutrients to hormones. O-GlcNAc modulates mitogenic growth signaling, senses nutrient flux through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, and coordinates with other nutrient-sensing enzymes to ...
Ipamorelin is a pentapeptide derived from human growth hormones and similar to ghrelin, which binds to the receptors in the body for growth hormone release. It gives a significant boost to plasma growth hormone levels, a hormone responsible for weight gain and tissue repair. However, ipamorelin is...
Along with training and performing to be a world-class athlete comes the pain of injuries. Sometimes, athletes try to mask their injury pain with drugs, including narcotics, protein hormones and local anesthetics. Narcotics Narcotics are used to treat pain and include substances such as morphine,...
What kind of hormones, neurotransmitters, and receptors move each smooth muscle? How do endothelial cells find their appropriate location? Why do neurons need oxygen? Why do cells need to use transport proteins to function? Describe how an action potential is propaga...