SpyRing cyclization occurs through reaction of an amine with a carboxylic acid with release of water, but both SnoopRing and PilinRing cyclization occur through reaction of an amine with a carbox- amide with release of ammonia (Fig. 1A)20,22. Cyclization was evaluated by the change in ...
Litter management is essential to control the cycling of coccidiosis because one stage of the life cycle of coccidia occurs in the litter. Litter moisture of 25% is ideal. When litter is squeezed in a fist, it should briefly form and immediately break apart. If it stays formed, it is too...
The term “low-calorie sweetener” describes a group of diverse sweetening agents that have one thing in common: they can deliver the same sweetness as a typical sugar dose, while contributing fewer calories. You could lump sugar alcohols in here if you want to, but some of the low-calorie...
These plants have to be either grazed or harvested in order to have a negative effect on livestock, particularly ruminants like cattle. Nitrate toxicity or poisoning occurs mainly in ruminant animals. When animals consume feed containing excess nitrates (NO3-), they are converted into nitrites (...
Bloat in cattle is a serious problem—and a very old one—that is often associated with consumption of high quality feeds that are easily digestible and rapidly fermented in the rumen. (Bloat is not just a problem exclusive to cattle, it also occurs in other ruminants like sheep and goats)...