Van Bokhoven, Jeroen A.Lamberti, CarloJohn Wiley & Sons, LtdG. Margaritondo (2015) From Synchrotrons to FELs: How Photons Are Produced; Beam Line Optics and Beam Characteristics, in XAS and XES: Theory and Applications, Vol. I (eds J.A. van Bokhoven and C. Lamberti), John Wiley &...
If many atoms are cooled to a very low temperature confined in a small volume, they can become indistinguishable and behave like a single “super particle.” Physicists also call this a Bose-Einstein condensate or quantum gas. Photons condense based on a similar principle and can be cooled usi...
Greater radiographic density may be produced by increasing (1)the total number of x-rays that reach the film, (2) the penetrating power of the x-rays, (3) the developing time, or (4) the temperature of the developer. How are radiographic densities made? When the mA or exposure time in...
In total darkness, our eyes are actually able to sense single photons, but generally what we see in our daily lives comes to us in the form of zillions of photons produced by light sources and reflected off objects. If you look around you right now, there is probably a light source in...
Visible light photons and X-ray photons are both produced by the movement of electrons in atoms. Electrons occupy different energy levels, or orbitals, around an atom's nucleus. When an electron drops to a lower orbital, it needs to release some energy -- it releases the extra energy in ...
Figure 1:The electromagnetic spectrum. This spectrum indicates what form of radiation is produced from photons at different wavelengths and frequencies, with photons of higher frequency having higher energy and lower wavelength, and vice versa. With increasing wavelength/decreasing frequency/decreasing energ...
This guide has all the basics you need to know about solar, including how solar energy is produced and how solar panels are made. We’ll also explore the ins and outs of a solar photovoltaic (PV) system, how to design a top-notch solar system, and all of the essentials of going sola...
First demonstrated in 1839, photovoltaic materials — like solar cells — produce a physical phenomenon when exposed to photons from visible light, generating voltage and electrical current. Solar panelsare the most common type of photovoltaic (PV) module used to produce direct current (DC) electrici...
Solar panels work by converting incoming photons of sunlight into usable electricity through the photovoltaic effect.
The waves produced by these scanners are much larger than X-rays and are of the non-ionizing variety. Ionizing radiation has enough energy to remove electrons from atoms, but radio waves, visible light and microwaves don't have this ability. As a result, they don't alter the structure of...