Although income diversification is a necessary strategy for survival in the Upper West Region, this alone does not seem to alleviate food insecurity in some families. Given that the region experiences high deprivation and negative effects of environmental variability, we recommend expansion of the non...
In Model 3, we observed significant interactions between the Upper-middle income class and an out-of-pocket payment of 500,000 JPY (P for interaction = 0.042) and between the High-income class and out-of-pocket payments of 500,000 JPY or 800,000 JPY (both Ps for interaction <...
For our analysis, we subdivided residential customers into five groups according to income levels as the differentiator: low income households, lower-middle income households, middle-income households, upper-middle income households and high income households. In the empirical analysis, this paper ...
Household income $1000–1999 per week 0.89 0.56–1.42 0.612 Household income $2000–2999 per week 0.83 0.51–1.37 0.471 Household income $3000 + per week 1.00 0.61–1.66 0.996 No. of observations 1728 R2 Tjur 0.059 5. Discussion and policy implications 5.1. Meal planning behaviours This study...
An early retirement household always has backups for its backups. 6. Conduct regular financial checkups. Knowing that your finances are strong is KEY to minimizing early retirement stress and elongating the early retirement lifestyle together. At least once a month, go over all income and expense...
s non-food consumption expenditure class as a proxy for disposable income (we group the households into twelve income classes), duration of electricity received by the households (we group the households into 4 categories: receives electricity for “0 h”, “1 to 8 h”, “9 to 16 h” ...
(upper and middle class, lower middle class, skilled working class, and working class) to proxy for income or earnings.Footnote9Moreover, we consider worker occupation (semi-skilled or unskilled manual, skilled manual, clerical/administrative, supervisory/junior managerial, intermediate managerial/...
Indicators Used for Assessment of Sensitivity. S.NoIndicatorsClassWeightsSource 1. Household Dependency Ratio (Dependent to total Household size <0.1111 0 [89,93] 0.1111–0.2500 .33 0.2500–0.6667 .67 >0.6667 1 2. Average Monthly Income of the Household >40000 0 (Rana, 2017) (Khan, 2012) ...
The modernization of global agri-food systems has led to a rapid growth of supermarkets which are increasingly becoming the preferred shopping outlets for the middle- and upper-income consumers in sub-Saharan Africa. Supermarkets procure agricultural products from smallholder farmers and this has implica...
We include indicators for the 16 federal states, for respondent’s age in years, for their level of education (upper, middle or lower school track, no school degree, or still in education), for household size, if the respondent is female, for eleven net monthly household income categories,...